Communications of the ACM (CACM), Volume 39, 1996

Volume 39, Number 1, January 1996

Viewpoint

• 
  Thomas Erickson:
  The World-Wide Web as Social Hypertext. 15-17

Sharing Standards

• 
  Roy Rada:
  Who Will Test Conformance? 19-22

Legally Speaking

• 
  Pamela Samuelson:
  Intellectual Property Rights and the Global Information Economy. 23-28

Articles

• 
  Hal Berghel:
  The Client's Side of the World-Wide Web. 30-40
• 
  Stephen Haag, M. K. Raja, Lawrence L. Schkade:
  Quality Function Deployment Usage in Software Development. 41-49
• 
  Matthew Cheyney, Peter A. Gloor, Donald B. Johnson, Fillia Makedon, James Matthews, Panagiotis Takis Metaxas:
  Toward Multimedia Conference Proceedings. 50-59

Natural Language Processing

• 
  Yorick Wilks:
  Natural Language Processing - Introduction to the Special Section. 60-62
• 
  Louise Guthrie, James Pustejovsky, Yorick Wilks, Brian M. Slator:
  The Role of Lexicons in Natural Language Processing. 63-72
• 
  Margaret King:
  Evaluating Natural Language Processing Systems. 73-79
• 
  James R. Cowie, Wendy G. Lehnert:
  Information Extraction. 80-91
• 
  David D. Lewis, Karen Sparck Jones:
  Natural Language Processing for Information Retrieval. 92-101
• 
  Janyce Wiebe, Graeme Hirst, Diane Horton:
  Language Use in Context. 102-111

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  Risks in Digital Commerce. 154

Volume 39, Number 2, February 1996

Digital Village

• 
  Hal Berghel:
  HTML Compliance and the Return of the Test Pattern. 19-22

Personal Computing

• 
  Larry Press:
  The Role of Computer Networks in Development. 23-29

Computing in Manufacturing

• 
  Michael J. Wozny, William C. Regli:
  Computing in Manufacturing (Introduction to the Special Section). 32-33
• 
  Joseph W. Erkes, Kevin B. Kenny, John W. Lewis, Brion D. Sarachan, Michael W. Sobolewski, Robert N. Sum Jr.:
  Implementing Shared Manufacturing Services on the World-Wide Web. 34-45
• 
  Martin Hardwick, David L. Spooner, Tom Rando, K. C. Morris:
  Sharing Manufacturing Information in Virtual Enterprises. 46-54
• 
  Vijay Kumar, Ruzena Bajcsy, William S. Harwin, Patrick Harker:
  Rapid Design and Prototyping of Customized Rehabilitation Aids. 55-61
• 
  George A. Bekey:
  Trends in Robotics. 62
• 
  Susan Finger, M. Terk, Eswaran Subrahmanian, Chris Kasabach, Fritz B. Prinz, Daniel P. Siewiorek, Asim Smailagic, John Stivoric, Lee E. Weiss:
  Rapid Design and Manufacture of Wearable Computers. 63-70
• 
  Aristides A. G. Requicha:
  Geometric Reasoning for Intelligent Manufacturing. 71-76
• 
  Martti Mäntylä, Dana S. Nau, Jami J. Shah:
  Challenges in Feature-Based Manufacturing Research. 77-85

Articles

• 
  Philip A. Bernstein:
  Middleware: A Model for Distributed System Services. 86-98
• 
  James W. Candler, Prashant C. Palvia, Jane D. Thompson, Steven M. Zeltmann:
  The ORION Project: Staged Business Process Reengineering at FedEx. 99-107
• 
  Mohamed E. Fayad, Wei-Tek Tsai, Milton L. Fulghum:
  Transition To Object-Oriented Software Development. 108-121

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann, Peter J. Denning:
  W(h)ither Research and Education? 154

Volume 39, Number 3, March 1996

Sharing Standards

• 
  Roy Rada:
  ISO 9000 Reflects the Best in Standards. 17-20

Report

• 
  Randall Davis, Pamela Samuelson, Mitchell Kapor, Jerome Reichman:
  A New View of Intellectual Property and Software. 21-30

How to Use Key Escrow

• 
  Ravi Ganesan:
  How to Use Key Escrow (Introduction to the Special Section). 32-33
• 
  Dorothy E. Denning, Dennis K. Branstad:
  A Taxonomy for Key Escrow Encryption Systems. 34-40
• 
  Stephen T. Walker, Steven B. Lipner, Carl M. Ellison, David M. Balenson:
  Commercial Key Recovery. 41-47
• 
  David Paul Maher:
  Crypto Backup and Key Escrow. 48-53
• 
  Ravi Ganesan:
  The Yaksha Security System. 55-60

Articles

• 
  Frederick P. Brooks Jr.:
  The Computer Scientist as a Toolsmith II. 61-68
• 
  A. T. Wood-Harper, Steve Corder, J. R. G. Wood, Heather Watson:
  How We Profess: The Ethical Systems Analyst. 69-77
• 
  Anthony Ralston:
  The Demographics of Candidates for Faculty Positions in Computer Science. 78-84
• 
  Guy E. Blelloch:
  Programming Parallel Algorithms. 85-97

Inside Risks

• 
  Robert N. Charette:
  Taking Responsibility for Our Risks. 122

Volume 39, Number 4, April 1996

International Perspectives

• 
  Michael D. Myers:
  Can Kiwis Fly? Computing in New Zealand. 11-15

Log on Education

• 
  Elliot Soloway, Amanda Pryor:
  The Next Generation in Human-Computer Interaction. 16-18

Learner-Centered Design

• 
  Donald A. Norman, James C. Spohrer:
  Learner-Centered Education (Introduction to the Special Section). 24-27
• 
  Roger C. Schank, Alex Kass:
  A Goal-Based Scenario for High School Students. 28-29
• 
  Beverly Park Woolf:
  Intelligent Multimedia Tutoring Systems. 30-31
• 
  Daniel C. Edelson, Roy D. Pea, Louis M. Gomez:
  The Collaboratory Notebook. 32-33
• 
  Marcia C. Linn:
  Key to the Information Highway. 34-35
• 
  Marlene Scardamalia, Carl Bereiter:
  Student Cummunities for the Advancement of Knowledge. 36-37
• 
  Yasmin B. Kafai:
  Software by Kids for Kids. 38-39
• 
  Hal Eden, Michael Eisenberg, Gerhard Fischer, Alexander Repenning:
  Making Learning a Part of Life. 40-42
• 
  Mark Guzdial, Janet L. Kolodner, Cindy E. Hmelo, N. Hari Narayanan, David Carlson, Noel Rappin, Roland Hübscher, Jennifer Turns, Wendy Newstetter:
  Computer Support for Learning through Complex Problem Solving. 43-45
• 
  Mary Beth Rosson, John M. Carroll:
  Scaffolded Examples for Learning Object-Oriented Design. 46-47
• 
  Shari L. Jackson, Steven J. Stratford, Joseph Krajcik, Elliot Soloway:
  A Learner-Centered Tool for Students Building Models. 48-49

Group Communication

• 
  David Powell:
  Group Communication (Introduction to the Special Section). 50-53
• 
  Louise E. Moser, P. M. Melliar-Smith, Deborah A. Agarwal, Ravi K. Budhia, Colleen A. Lingley-Papadopoulos:
  Totem: A Fault-Tolerant Multicast Group Communication System. 54-63
• 
  Danny Dolev, Dalia Malki:
  The Transis Approach to High Availability Cluster Communication. 64-70
• 
  Michael K. Reiter:
  Distributed Trust with the Rampart Toolkit. 71-74
• 
  Robbert van Renesse, Kenneth P. Birman, Silvano Maffeis:
  Horus: A Flexible Group Communication System. 76-83
• 
  André Schiper, Michel Raynal:
  From Group Communication to Transactions in Distributed Systems. 84-87
• 
  Flaviu Cristian:
  Synchronous and Asynchronous Group Communication. 88-97

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  A Risks-related Bookshelf. 122

Volume 39, Number 5, May 1996

Viewpoint

• 
  Randy H. Katz:
  Professor Katz Goes to Washington. Commun. ACM 39(5): 13-17 (1996)

Personal Computing

• 
  Larry Press:
  Windows NT as a Personal or Intranet Server. 19-23

Electronic Frontier

• 
  Brock N. Meeks:
  The Game Plan to Save Cyberspace. 24-26

Editorial

• 
  Peter J. Denning:
  The University's Next Challenges. 27-30

Virtual Reality Software and Technology

• 
  Gurminder Singh, Steven Feiner, Daniel Thalmann:
  Virtual Reality Software and Technology (Introduction to the Special Section). Commun. ACM 39(5): 33-36 (1996)
• 
  Tim Poston, Luis Serra:
  Dextrous Virtual Work. 37-45
• 
  Mark Green, Sean Halliday:
  A Geometric Modeling and Animation System. 46-53
• 
  Michael F. Deering:
  The HoloSketch VR Sketching System. 54-61
• 
  Steve Bryson:
  Virtual Reality in Scientific Visualization. 62-71
• 
  Salvador Bayarri, Marcos Fernández, Mariano Pérez:
  Virtual Reality for Driving Simulation. 72-76

Articles

• 
  Ronald Fagin, Moni Naor, Peter Winkler:
  Comparing Information Without Leaking It. 77-85
• 
  Henry C. Lucas Jr., Donald J. Berndt, Greg Truman:
  A Reengineering Framework for Evaluating a Financial Imaging System. 86-96
• 
  Edward A. Feigenbaum:
  How the "What" Becomes the "How" - Turing Award Lecture. 97-104
• 
  Raj Reddy:
  To Dream The Possible Dream - Turing Award Lecture. 105-112
• 
  Raymond McLeod Jr.:
  Comparing Undergraduate Courses in Systems Analysis and Design. 113-121

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  Linguistic Risks. 154

Volume 39, Number 6, June 1996

Log on Education

• 
  Elliot Soloway:
  Teachers are the Key. 11-14

Digital Village

• 
  Hal Berghel:
  U.S. Technology Policy in the Information Age. 15-18

Electronic Commerce and the Internet

• 
  Raymond Pyle:
  Electronic Commerce and the Internet (Introduction to the Special Section). Commun. ACM 39(6): 22 (1996)
• 
  John R. Sivori:
  Evaluated Receipts and Settlements at Bell Atlantic. 24-28
• 
  Anish Bhimani:
  Securing The Commercial Internet. 29-35
• 
  Nathaniel S. Borenstein:
  Perils and Pitfalls of Practical Cybercommerce. 36-44
• 
  Patiwat Panurach:
  Money in Electronic Commerce: Digital Cash, Electronic Funds Transfer, and Ecash. 45-50
• 
  Matti Hämäläinen, Andrew B. Whinston, Svetlana Vishik:
  Electronic Markets for Learning: Education Brokerages on the Internet. 51-58

Internet Inroads

• 
  Kilnam Chon:
  Internet Inroads (Introduction to the Special Section). 59-60
• 
  Robert M. Hinden:
  IP Next Generation Overview. 61-71
• 
  Peng Hwa Ang, Berlinda Nadarjan:
  Censorship and the Internet: A Singapore Perspective. 72-78
• 
  Tim O'Reilly:
  Publishing Models for Internet Commerce. 79-86
• 
  Peter T. Kirstein, Goli Montasser-Kohsari:
  The C-ODA Project: Online Access to Electronic Journals. 87-99
• 
  Bruno Mannoni:
  Bringing Museums Online. 100-105

Report

• 
  James E. Pitkow, Colleen M. Kehoe:
  Emerging Trends in the WWW User Population. 106-108

Inside Risks

• 
  Teresa F. Lunt:
  Securing the Information Infrastructure. 130

Volume 39, Number 7, July 1996

International Perspectives

• 
  Lawrence T. Greenberg, Seymour E. Goodman:
  Is Big Brother Hanging by His Bootstrap? 11-15

Legally Speaking

• 
  Pamela Samuelson:
  Regulation of Technologies to Protect Copyrighted Works. 17-22

Viewpoint

• 
  Andrew Grosso:
  Why Won't the President Enforce the Constitution? 25-26

Information Systems Outsourcing

• 
  H. Raghav Rao, Kichan Nam, Abhijit Chaudhury:
  Information Systems Outsourcing (Introduction to the Special Section). 27-28
• 
  Paul Nelson, William B. Richmond, Abraham Seidmann:
  Two Dimensions of Software Acquisition. 29-35
• 
  Kichan Nam, H. Raghav Rao, Abhijit Chaudhury:
  A Two-Level Investigation of Information Systems Outsourcing. 36-44
• 
  Vijay Gurbaxani:
  The New World of Information Technology Outsourcing. 45-46
• 
  Sandra Slaughter, Soon Ang:
  Employment Outsourcing in Information Systems. 47-54

Articles

• 
  Gordon Bell, Jim Gemmell:
  On-ramp Prospects for the Information Superhighway Dream. 55-61
• 
  Lynn A. Streeter, Robert E. Kraut, Henry C. Lucas Jr., Laurence Caby:
  How Open Data Networks Influence Business Performance and Market Structure. 62-73
• 
  Karen D. Loch, Sue A. Conger:
  Evaluating Ethical Decision Making and Computer Use. 74-83
• 
  Jack J. Dongarra, Steve W. Otto, Marc Snir, David W. Walker:
  A Message Passing Standard for MPP and Workstations. 84-90

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  Using Formal Methods to Reduce Risks. 114

Volume 39, Number 8, August 1996

From Washington

• 
  Jonah Sieger:
  Communications Decency Act is Defeated: Landmark Victory for Netizens. 13-15

Sharing Standards

• 
  James W. Moore, Roy Rada:
  Organizational Badge Collecting. 17-21

Viewpoint

• 
  Steve Mann:
  Smart Clothing: The Shift to Wearable Computing. 23-24

New Paradigms for Computing

• 
  Ted Selker:
  New Paradigms for Computing (Introduction to the Special Section). 28-30
• 
  John Seely Brown:
  To Dream the Invisible Dream. 30
• 
  Nolan Bushnell:
  Relationships between Fun and the Computer Business: Playing games can have serious consequences. 31-37
• 
  Henry Lieberman:
  Intelligent Graphics. 38-48
• 
  Kenneth M. Kahn:
  Drawings on Napkins, Video-Game Animation, and Other Ways to Program Computers: Programming can be as easy as child's play. 49-59
• 
  Ted Selker:
  New Paradigms for Using Computers. 60-69

Article

• 
  Donald R. Gentner, Jakob Nielsen:
  The Anti-Mac Interface. 70-82

Using Computational Media to Facilitate Learning

• 
  Elliot Soloway, Amanda Pryor:
  Using Computational Media to Facilitate Learning (Introduction to the Special Section). 83
• 
  Andee Rubin, Scott Bresnahan, Ted Ducas:
  Cartwheeling Through CamMotion. 84-85
• 
  Jere Confrey, Alan Maloney:
  Function Probe. 86-87
• 
  Wallace Feurzeig, John Richards:
  Function Machines. 88-90
• 
  Margo Cappo, Kathy Darling:
  Measurement In Motion. 9193
• 
  Judah L. Schwartz:
  Motion Toys for Eye and Mind. 94-96
• 
  Jeremy Roschelle, James J. Kaput:
  SimCalc Mathworlds for the Mathematics of Change. 97-99
• 
  Paul Horwitz, Eric P. Neumann, Joyce Schwartz:
  Teaching Science at Multiple Space Time Scales. 100-102
• 
  Pierre Dillenbourg, John A. Self:
  What If the Computer Doesn't Know the Answer? 103-105
• 
  A Multimedia Literacy Series. Commun. ACM 39(8): 106-109 (1996)

Inside Risks

• 
  Herbert Lin:
  Cryptography's Role in Securing Information. Commun. ACM 39(8): 130 (1996)

Volume 39, Number 9, September 1996

Viewpoint

• 
  Thomas L. Sterling:
  The Scientific Workstation of the Future May Be a Pile of PCs. 11-12

Electronic Frontier

• 
  Brock N. Meeks:
  Dragging a Kicking-and-Screaming Government into the 21st Century. 13-15

Technology Transfer

• 
  Ellen Isaacs, John C. Tang:
  Technology Transfer: So Much Research, So Few Godd Producs (Introduction to the Special Section). 22-25
• 
  Jean Scholtz:
  Technology Transfer Through Prototypes. 26-27
• 
  Allan Kuchinsky:
  Transfer Means More Than Just Technology. 28-29
• 
  James D. Foley:
  Technology Transfer from University to Industry. 30-31
• 
  Jeff A. Johnson:
  R<->D, Not R&D. 32-34
• 
  John L. Bennett:
  Building Relationships for Technology Transfer. 35-36

Latest Developments in Operating Systems

• 
  Nayeem Islam, Roy H. Campbell:
  Latest Developments in Operating Systems (Introduction to the Special Section). 38-40
• 
  Peter Druschel:
  Operating System Support for High-Speed Communication: Techniques to Eliminate Processing Bottlenecks in High-Speed Networking are Present. 41-51
• 
  Mendel Rosenblum, John Chapin, Dan Teodosiu, Scott Devine, Tirthankar Lahiri, Anoop Gupta:
  Implementing Efficient Fault Containment for Multiprocessors: Confining Faults in a Shared-Memory Multiprocessor Environment. 52-61
• 
  John Rosenberg, Alan Dearle, David Hulse, Anders Lindström, Stephen Norris:
  Operating System Support for Persistant and Recoverable Computations: Guaranteeing data recovery and consistency, the authors' experimental Grasshopper persistent operating system simplifies application development and encourages construction of integrated systems. 62-69
• 
  Jochen Liedtke:
  Toward Real Microkernels: The inefficient, inflexible first generation inspired development of the vastly improved second generation, which may yet support a variety of operating systems. Commun. ACM 39(9): 70-77 (1996)

Articles