Communications of the ACM (CACM), Volume 36, 1993

Volume 36, Number 1, January 1993

Legally Speaking

• 
  Pamela Samuelson:
  Liability for Defective Electronic Information. 21-26

Multimedia in the Workplace

• 
  Sara A. Bly, Steve R. Harrison, Susan Irwin:
  Media Spaces: Bringing People Together in a Video, Audio, and Computing Environment. 28-47
• 
  Bryan Lyles:
  Media Spaces and Broadband ISDN. 46-47
• 
  Robert S. Fish, Robert E. Kraut, Robert W. Root, Ronald E. Rice:
  Video as a Technology for Informal Communication. 48-61
• 
  Ralph D. Hill, Tom Brinck, John F. Patterson, Steven L. Rohall, Wayne T. Wilner:
  The Rendezvous Language and Architecture. 62-67
• 
  Mauricio Arango, Lisa Bahler, Peter Bates, Munir Cochinwala, David Cohrs, Robert Fish, Gita Gopal, Nancy D. Griffeth, Gary E. Herman, Takako M. Hickey, Kuo Chi Lee, Will E. Leland, Carlyn Lowery, Victor Mak, John F. Patterson, Lillian Ruston, Mark Segal, R. C. Sekar, Mario P. Vecchi, Abel Weinrib, Sze-Ying Wuu:
  The Touring Machine System. 68-77

Articles

• 
  Robin Milner:
  Elements of Interaction - Turing Award Lecture. 78-89
• 
  Karen A. Frenkel, Robin Milner:
  An Interview with Robin Milner. 90-97
• 
  Jean-Pierre Banâtre, Daniel Le Métayer:
  Programming by Multiset Transformation. 98-111

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  Risks Considered Global(ly). 154

Volume 36, Number 2, February 1993

Computing Perspectives

• 
  Maurice V. Wilkes:
  Light Amplifiers and Solitons. 21-23

International Perspectives

• 
  Mayuri Odedra, Mike Lawrie, Mark Bennett, Seymour E. Goodman:
  Sub-Saharan Africa: A Technological Desert. 25-29

Digital's Alpha Project

• 
  Robert M. Supnik:
  Digital's Alpha Project. 30-32
• 
  Richard L. Sites:
  Alpha AXP Architecture. 33-44
• 
  Nancy P. Kronenberg, Thomas R. Benson, Wayne M. Cardoza, Ravindran Jagannathan, Benjamin J. Thomas:
  Porting OpenVMS from VAX to Alpha AXP. 45-53
• 
  Charles P. Thacker, David G. Conroy, Lawrence C. Stewart:
  The Alpha Demonstration Unit: A High-Performance Multiprocessor. 55-67
• 
  Ralph Katz:
  Tales from the Front. Commun. ACM 36(2): 67 (1993)
• 
  Richard L. Sites, Anton Chernoff, Matthew B. Kirk, Maurice P. Marks, Scott G. Robinson:
  Binary Translation. 69-81
• 
  Daniel W. Dobberpuhl, Kevin Fielding:
  Design of EV-4. 82
• 
  Richard Hollingsworth:
  Advanced Semiconductor Technology. 83

Articles

• 
  Chris F. Kemerer:
  Reliability of Function Points Measurement, A Field Experiment. 85-87
• 
  Ronald E. Anderson, Deborah G. Johnson, Donald Gotterbarn, Judith A. Perrolle:
  Using the New ACM Code of Ethics in Decision Making. 98-107

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  Are Dependable Systems Feasible? 146

Volume 36, Number 3, March 1993

Electronic Frontier

• 
  John Perry Barlow:
  Bill O' Rights. 21-23

Debate

• 
  Dorothy E. Denning, Mike Godwin, William A. Bayse, Marc Rotenberg, Lewis M. Branscomb, Anne M. Branscomb, Ronald L. Rivest, Andrew Grosso, Gary T. Marx:
  To Tap or not to Tap. 24-44

Fifth Generation Project

• 
  Ehud Shapiro, David H. D. Warren, Kazuhiro Fuchi, Robert A. Kowalski, Koichi Furukawa, Kazunori Ueda, Kenneth M. Kahn, Takashi Chikayama, Evan Tick:
  The Fifth Generation Project: Personal Perspectives. Commun. ACM 36(3): 46-103 (1993)

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  Risks of Technology. Commun. ACM 36(3): 130 (1993)

Volume 36, Number 4, April 1993

Practical Programmer

• 
  Marc Rettig:
  Cooperative Software. 23-27

Legally Speaking

• 
  Pamela Samuelson:
  The Ups and Downs of Look and Feel. 29-35

Graphical User Interfaces: The Next Generation

• 
  Dave Mandelkern:
  Introduction to the Special Section on Graphical User Interfaces: The Next Generation. 36-39
• 
  Jeff A. Johnson, Bonnie A. Nardi, Craig L. Zarmer, James R. Miller:
  ACE: Building Interactive Graphical Applications. 40-55
• 
  George G. Robertson, Stuart K. Card, Jock D. Mackinlay:
  Information Visualization Using 3D Interactive Animation. 56-71
• 
  Alan Morse, George Reynolds:
  Overcoming Current Growth Limits in UI Development. 72-81
• 
  Jakob Nielsen:
  Noncommand User Interfaces. 82-99
• 
  Aaron Marcus:
  Human Communications Issues in Advanced UIs. 100-109

Articles

• 
  Jonathan Grudin:
  Interface: An Evolving Concept. 110-119
• 
  C. Dianne Martin:
  The Myth of the Awesome Thinking Machine. 120-133

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  Using Names as Identifiers. 154

Volume 36, Number 5, May 1993

Personal Computing

• 
  Larry Press:
  Technetronic Education: Answers on the Cultural Horizon. 17-22

Log on Education

• 
  Elliot Soloway:
  Reading and Writing in the 21st Century. 23-27

Technology in Education

• 
  Elliot Soloway:
  Technology in Education - Introduction to the Special Issue. 28-30
• 
  Jan Hawkins:
  Technology and Organization of Schooling. 30-35
• 
  Dick Ruopp, Shahaf Gal:
  The Labnetwork. 35-36
• 
  Marlene Scardamalia, Carl Bereiter:
  Technologies for Knowledge-Building Discourse. 37-41
• 
  Beverly Hunter:
  Internetworking: Coordinating Technology for Systemic Reform. 42-46
• 
  Robert Pearlman:
  Designing the New American Schools. 46-49
• 
  Denis Newman:
  School Networks: Delevery or Access. 49-51
• 
  Brigid Barron, Ronald J. Kantor:
  Tools to Enhance Math Education: The Jasper Series. 52-54
• 
  Roger C. Schank:
  Learning via Multimedia Computers. 54-56
• 
  Wayne C. Grant:
  Wireless Coyote: A Computer-Supported Field Trip. 57-59
• 
  Roy D. Pea:
  The Collaborative Visualization Project. 60-63
• 
  Andee Rubin:
  Video Laboratories: Tools for Scientific Investigation. 64-65
• 
  Ludwig Braun:
  Help for all the Students. 66-69
• 
  Henry Jay Becker:
  Teaching with and about Computers in Secondary School. 69-72
• 
  Ronald E. Anderson:
  The Technology Infrastructure of U.S. Schools. 72-73
• 
  Jan Hawkins, John Frederiksen, Allan Collins, Dorothy Bennett, Elizabeth Collins:
  Assessment and Technology. 74-76
• 
  Carol Edwards:
  Life-Long Learning. 76-78
• 
  Yolanda S. George, Shirley M. Malcolm, Laura Jeffers:
  Computer Equity for the Future. 78-80
• 
  Coco Conn:
  SIGKIDS at SIGGRAPHS. 81-82
• 
  Teri Perl:
  ACM Task Force in K-12 Education and Technology. 82-83
• 
  Doris K. Lidtke, David G. Moursund:
  Computers in Schools: Past, Present, and How we can change the Future. 84-87
• 
  Susan M. Merritt, Charles J. Bruen, J. Philip East, Darlene Grantham, Charles Rice, Viera K. Proulx, Gerry Segal, Carol E. Wolf:
  ACM Model High School Computer Science Curriculum. 87-90

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  The Role of Software Engineering. 114

Volume 36, Number 6, June 1993

International Perspectives

• 
  Sarma R. Nidumolu, Seymour E. Goodman:
  Computing in India: An Asian Elephant Learning to Dance. 15-22

Participatory Design

• 
  Sarah Kuhn, Michael J. Muller:
  Participatory Design - Introduction to the Special Section. 24-28
• 
  Michael J. Muller, Daniel M. Wildman, Ellen A. White:
  Taxonomy of PD Practices: A Brief Practitioner's Guide. Commun. ACM 36(6): 26-28 (1993)
• 
  Andrew Clement, Peter van den Besselaar:
  A Retrospective Look at PD Projects. 29-37
• 
  Steven E. Miller:
  From System Design to Democracy. 38
• 
  Gro Bjerknes:
  Some PD Advice. 39
• 
  Erran Carmel, Randall D. Whitaker, Joey F. George:
  PD and Joint Application Design: A Transatlantic Comparison. 40-48
• 
  Joan Greenbaum:
  PD: A Personal Statement. 47
• 
  William L. Anderson, William T. Crocca:
  Engineering Practice and Codevelopment of Product Prototypes. 49-56
• 
  Jim Euchner, Patricia Sachs:
  The Benefits of International Tension. 53
• 
  Kim Halskov Madsen, Peter H. Aiken:
  Experiences Using Cooperative Interactive Storyboard Prototyping. 57-64
• 
  Michael J. Muller, Daniel M. Wildman, Ellen A. White:
  'Equal Opportunity; PD Using PICTIVE. 64-66
• 
  Darlene Crane:
  Graphic Facilitation. 64-65
• 
  Kaj Grønbæk, Morten Kyng, Preben Mogensen:
  CSCW Challenges: Cooperative Design in Engineering Projects. 67-77
• 
  Susan Harker:
  User Participation in Prototyping. 77
• 
  Finn Kensing, Andreas Munk-Madsen:
  PD: Structure in the Toolbox. 78-85
• 
  Enid Mumford:
  The ETHICS Approach. 82
• 
  Christiane Floyd:
  STEPS - A Methodical Approach to PD. 83
• 
  Barbara Katzenberg, Peter Piela:
  Work Language Analysis and the Naming Problem. 86-92
• 
  Jeanette Blomberg, Denise McLaughlin, Lucy A. Suchman:
  Work-Oriented Design at Xerox. 91
• 
  David G. Novick, Eleanor Wynn:
  Participatory Conversation in PD. 93
• 
  Ina Wagner:
  A Web of Fuzzy Problems: Confronting the Ehtical Issues. 94-101
• 
  Marian G. Williams, Vivienne Begg:
  Translation between Software Designers and Users. 102-103

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  Modeling and Simulation. 124

Volume 36, Number 7, July 1993

Computing Perspectives

• 
  Maurice V. Wilkes:
  From Fortran and Algol to Object-Oriented Languages. 21-23

Computer-Augmented Environments: Back to the Real World

• 
  Pierre D. Wellner, Wendy E. Mackay, Rich Gold:
  Computer-Augmented Environments: Back to the Real World - Introduction to the Special Issue. 24-26
• 
  Mike Spreitzer, Marvin Theimer:
  Scalable, Secure, Mobile Computing with Location Information. 27
• 
  Thomas Baudel, Michel Beaudouin-Lafon:
  CHARADE: Remote Control of Objects Using Free-Hand Gestures. 28-35
• 
  Myron W. Krueger:
  Environmental Technology: Making the Real World Virtual. 36-37
• 
  George W. Fitzmaurice:
  Situated Information Spaces and Spatially Aware Palmtop Computers. 38-49
• 
  Ronald Azuma:
  Tracking Requirements for Auhmented Reality. 50-51
• 
  Steven Feiner, Blair MacIntyre, Dorée D. Seligmann:
  Knowledge-Based Augmented Reality. 53-62
• 
  Mitchel Resnick:
  Behavior Constrction Kits. 64-71
• 
  Rich Gold:
  This is Not a Pipe. 72
• 
  Mark Weiser:
  Some Computer Science Issues in Ubiquitous Computing. 74-84
• 
  Scott Elrod, Gene Hall, Rick Costanza, Michael Dixon, Jim des Rivières:
  Responsive Office Environments. 84-85
• 
  Pierre D. Wellner:
  Interacting with Paper on the Digital Desk. 86-96
• 
  Wendy E. Mackay, Gilles Velay, Kathy Carter, Chaoying Ma, Daniele Pagani:
  Augmenting Reality: Adding Computational Dimensions to Paper. 96-97

Article

• 
  Peter J. Denning:
  Designing New Principles to Sustain Research in Our Univeristies. 98-104

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  Risks on the Rails. 130

Volume 36, Number 8, August 1993

Practical Programmer

• 
  Marc Rettig, Gary Simons, John Thomson:
  Extended Objects. 19-24

From Washington

• 
  Fred W. Weingarten:
  Happenings on the Hill. 25-27

Internetworking

• 
  Haruhisa Ishida, Lawrence H. Landweber:
  Introduction to the Special Issue on Internetworking. 28-30
• 
  Randy Bush:
  Fidonet: technology, Tools, and History. 31-35
• 
  Janet Murray:
  K12 Network: Global Eduction through Telecommunications. 36-41
• 
  George Sadowsky:
  Network Connectivity for Developing Contries. 42-47
• 
  Stephen T. Kent:
  Internet Privacy Enhanced Mail. 48-60
• 
  Marc Rotenberg:
  Communications Privacy: Implications for Network Design. 61-68
• 
  Frank M. Tuerkheimer:
  The Underpinnings of Privacy Protection. 69-73
• 
  Tsuyoshi Hiramatsu:
  Protecting Telecommunications Privacy in Japan. 74-77

Articles

• 
  Michael F. Schwartz, David C. M. Wood:
  Discovering Shared Interests Using Graph Analysis. 78-89
• 
  Bradford W. Hesse, Lee S. Sproull, Sara B. Kiesler, John P. Walsh:
  Retrurns to Science: Computer Networks in Oceanography. 90-101

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  Risks of Surveillance. 122

Volume 36, Number 9, September 1993

Legally Speaking

• 
  Pamela Samuelson:
  Computer Programs and Copyright's Fair Use Doctrine. 19-25

Personal Computing

• 
  Larry Press:
  Before the Altair: The History of Personal Computing. 27-33

Concurrent Object-Oriented Programming

• 
  Rodger Lea, Christian Jacquemot, Eric Pillevesse:
  COOL: System Support for Distributed Programming. 37-46
• 
  Bruno Achauer:
  The DOWL Distributed Object-Oriented Language. 48-55
• 
  Bertrand Meyer:
  Systematic Concurrent Object-Oriented Programming. 56-80
• 
  Klaus-Peter Löhr:
  Concurrency Annotations for Reusable Software. 81-89
• 
  Denis Caromel:
  Towards a Method of Object-Oriented Concurrent Programming. 90-102
• 
  Murat Karaorman, John L. Bruno:
  Introducing Concurrency to a Sequential Language. 103-116
• 
  Roy H. Campbell, Nayeem Islam, David Raila, Peter Madany:
  Designing and Implementing Choices: An Object-Oriented System in C++. 117-126
• 
  Max Mühlhäuser, Wolfgang Gerteis, Lutz Heuser:
  DOCASE: A Methodic Approach to Distributed Programming. 127-138

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  Animal Crackers. 162

Volume 36, Number 10, October 1993

Log On Education

• 
  Elliot Soloway:
  Should We Teach Students to Program? 21-24

International Perspectives

• 
  Peter Wolcott, Seymour E. Goodman:
  Under the Stress of Reform: High-Performance Computing in the Former Soviet Union. 25-29

Project Organization and Management

• 
  Larry L. Constantine, Lucy A. D. Lockwood:
  Introduction to the Special Section on Project Organization and Management. 30-33
• 
  Larry L. Constantine:
  Work Organization: Paradigms for Project Management and Organization. 34-43
• 
  Marc Rettig, Gary Simons:
  A Project Planning and Development Process for Small Taems. 45-55
• 
  Risa B. Hyman:
  Creative Chaos in High-Performance Teams: An Experience Report. 56-60
• 
  Diane B. Walz, Joyce J. Elam, Bill Curtis:
  Inside a Software Design Team: Knowledge Acquisition, Sharing, and Integration. 63-77
• 
  Richard E. Zultner:
  TQM for Technical Teams. 78-91
• 
  Karen Holtzblatt, Hugh R. Beyer:
  Making Customer-Centered Design Work for Teams. 92-103
• 
  Tony Hutchings, Michael G. Hyde, David Marca, Lou Cohen:
  Process Improvement That Lasts: An Integrated Training and Consulting Method. 104-113
• 
  Richard A. Zahniser:
  Design by Walking Around. 114-123

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  System Development Woes. 146

Volume 36, Number 11, November 1993

Electronic Frontier

• 
  John Perry Barlow:
  A Plain Text on Crypto Policy. 21-26

From Washington

• 
  Fred W. Weingarten:
  HPCC Research Questinoned. 27-29

Supercomputing

• 
  W. Daniel Hillis, Lewis W. Tucker:
  The CM-5 Connection Machine: A Scalable Supercomputer. 30-40
• 
  Clark D. Thomborson:
  Does Your Workstation Computation Belong on a Vector Supercomputer? 41-49

Software Quality

• 
  John C. Knight, E. Ann Myers:
  An Improved Inspection Technique. 50-61
• 
  Robert B. Grady:
  Practical Results from Measuring Software Quality. 62-68

Articles

• 
  Bev Littlewood, Lorenzo Strigini:
  Validation of Ultrahigh Dependability for Software-Based Systems. 69-80
• 
  Rajiv D. Banker, Srikant M. Datar, Chris F. Kemerer, Dani Zweig:
  Software Complexity and Maintenance Costs. 81-94

Inside Risks

• 
  Rebecca Mercuri:
  Corrupted Polling. 122

Volume 36, Number 12, December 1993

Sharing Standards

• 
  Roy Rada:
  Standards: The Language for Success. 17-18

Personal Computing

•