Communications of the ACM (CACM), Volume 37, 1994

Volume 37, Number 1, January 1994

Report

• 
  Edward A. Feigenbaum, Peter Friedland, Bruce B. Johnson, H. Penny Nii, Herbert Schorr, Howard E. Shrobe, Robert S. Engelmore:
  Knowledge-Based Systems in Japan (Report of the JTEC Panel). Commun. ACM 37(1): 17-19 (1994)

Legally Speaking

• 
  Pamela Samuelson:
  Copyright's Fair Use Doctrine and Digital Data. 21-27

Social Computing

• 
  Doug Schuler:
  Social Computing - Introduction to the Special Section. 28-29
• 
  Gary Chapman:
  The National Forum on Science and Technology Goals: Building a Democratic, Post-Cold War Science and Technology Policy. 30-37
• 
  Doug Schuler:
  Community Networks: Building a New Participatory Medium. 38-51
• 
  Andrew Clement:
  Computing at Work: Empowering Action By 'Low-level Users'. 52-63
• 
  Batya Friedman, Peter H. Kahn Jr.:
  Educating Computer Scientists: Linking the Social and Technical. 64-70
• 
  Helen Nissenbaum:
  Computing and Accountability. 72-80

Articles

• 
  W. Robert Collins, Keith W. Miller, Bethany J. Spielman, Phillip Wherry:
  How Good Is Good Enough? 81-91
• 
  Jonathan Grudin:
  Groupware and Social Dynamics: Eight Challenges for Developers. 92-105
• 
  Renewing the Commitment To a Public Interest Telecommunications Policy. 106-108

Inside Risks

• 
  Robert D. Dorsett:
  Risks in Aviation. 154

Volume 37, Number 2, February 1994

Log on Education

• 
  Elliot Soloway:
  Ways of Seeing. 15-20

International Perspectives

• 
  Seymour E. Goodman:
  Computing in South Africa: An End to "Apartness"? 21-25

Hypermedia

• 
  Kaj Grønbæk, Randall H. Trigg:
  Hypermedia - Introduction to the Special Section. 26-29
• 
  Frank G. Halasz, Mayer D. Schwartz:
  The Dexter Hypertext Reference Model. 30-39
• 
  Kaj Grønbæk, Randall H. Trigg:
  Design Issues for a Dexter-Based Hypermedia System. 40-49
• 
  Lynda Hardman, Dick C. A. Bulterman, Guido van Rossum:
  The Amsterdam Hypermedia Model: Adding Time and Context to the Dexter Model. 50-62
• 
  Kaj Grønbæk, Jens A. Hem, Ole Lehrmann Madsen, Lennert Sloth:
  Cooperative Hypermedia Systems: A dexter-Based Architecture. 65-74
• 
  John J. Leggett, John L. Schnase:
  Viewing Dexter with Open Eyes. 76-86

Articles

• 
  Ehud Rivlin, Rodrigo A. Botafogo, Ben Shneiderman:
  Navigating in Hyperspace: Designing a Structure-Based Toolbox. 87-96
• 
  Gerard Salton, James Allan, Chris Buckley:
  Automatic Structuring and Retrival of Large Text Files. 97-108

Inside Risks

• 
  Robert D. Dorsett:
  Safety in the Air. 146

Volume 37, Number 3, March 1994

Personal Computing

• 
  Larry Press:
  Emerging Dynabase Tools. 11-16

From Washington

• 
  Fred W. Weingarten:
  Public Interest and the NII. 17-19

Artificial Intelligence

• 
  Toshinori Munakata:
  Commerical and Industrial AI - Indroduction to the Special Issue. 23-26
• 
  Frederick Hayes-Roth, Neil Jacobstein:
  The State of Knowledge-Based Systems. 27-39
• 
  Bradley P. Allen:
  Case-Based Reasoning: Business Applications. 40-42
• 
  W. Eric L. Grimson, Joseph L. Mundy:
  Computer Vision Applications. 45-51
• 
  Alexander I. Rudnicky, Alexander G. Hauptmann, Kai-Fu Lee:
  Survey of Current Speech Technology. 52-57
• 
  Takeo Kanade, Michael L. Reed, Lee E. Weiss:
  New Technologies and Applications in Robotics. 58-67
• 
  Toshinori Munakata, Yashvant Jani:
  Fuzzy Systems: An Overview. 69-76
• 
  Lotfi A. Zadeh:
  Fuzzy Logic, Neural Networks, and Soft Computing. 77-84
• 
  David E. Rumelhart, Bernard Widrow, Michael A. Lehr:
  The Basic Ideas in Neural Networks. 87-92
• 
  Bernard Widrow, David E. Rumelhart, Michael A. Lehr:
  Neural Networks: Applications in Industry, Business and Science. 93-105
• 
  Kazuo Asakawa, Hideyuki Takagi:
  Neural Networks in Japan. 106-112
• 
  David E. Goldberg:
  Genetic and Evolutionary Algorithms Come of Age. 113-119

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  Technology, Laws, and Society. 138

Volume 37, Number 4, April 1994

Sharing Standards

• 
  Roy Rada, George S. Carson, Christopher T. Haynes:
  The Role of Consensus. 15-16

Practical Programmer

• 
  Marc Rettig:
  Prototyping for Tiny Fingers. 21-27

High Performance Computing

• 
  Adrian M. Tentner:
  High Performance Computing - Introduction to the Special Section. 28-29
• 
  William J. Camp, Steve Plimpton, Bruce Hendrickson, Robert W. Leland:
  Massively Parallel Methods for Engineering and Science Problems. 31-41
• 
  Allan S. Jacobson, Andrew L. Berkin, Martin N. Orton:
  LinkWinds: Interactive Scientific Data Analysis and Visualization. 42-52
• 
  Adrian M. Tentner, R. N. Blomquist, T. R. Canfield, P. L. Garner, E. M. Gelbard, K. C. Gross, M. Minkoff, R. A. Valentin:
  Advances in Parallel Computing for Reactor Analysis and Safety. 54-64

Articles

• 
  Jakob Nielsen, Jonathan Levy:
  Measuring Usability: Preference vs. Performance. 66-75
• 
  Richard A. Coll, Joan H. Coll, Ganesh Thankur:
  Graphs and Tables: A Four-Factor Experiment. 76-86
• 
  Academic Careers for Experimental Computer Scientists and Engineers. 87-90

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  Risks of Passwords. 126

Volume 37, Number 5, May 1994

Electronic Frontier

• 
  John Perry Barlow:
  Dad's Invisible Guard-All Shield. 15-17

Log on Education

• 
  Roger C. Schank:
  Tractor Factories and Research in Software Design. 19-21

Reverse Engineering

• 
  Richard C. Waters, Elliot J. Chikofsky:
  Reverse Engineeing - Introduction to the Special Section. 22-25
• 
  Peter H. Aiken, Alice H. Muntz, Russ Richards:
  DoD Legacy Systems: Reverse Engineering Data Requirements. 26-41
• 
  William J. Premerlani, Michael R. Blaha:
  An Approach for Reverse Engineering of Relational Databases. 42-49
• 
  Jim Q. Ning, Andre Engberts, Wojtek Kozaczynski:
  Automated Support for Legacy Code Understanding. 50-57
• 
  Lawrence Markosian, Philip Newcomb, Russell Brand, Scott Burson, Ted Kitzmiller:
  Using an Enabling Technology to Reengineer Legacy Systems. 58-70
• 
  Ted J. Biggerstaff, Bharat G. Mitbander, Dallas E. Webster:
  Program Understanding and the Concept Assigment Problem. 72-82
• 
  Alex Quilici:
  A Memory-Based Approach to Recognizing Programing Plans. 84-93

Articles

• 
  Karl J. Lieberherr, Ignacio Silva-Lepe, Cun Xiao:
  Adaptive Object-Oriented Programming Using Graph-Based Customization. 94-101
• 
  Iris Vessey, Sue A. Conger:
  Requirements Specification: Learning Object, Process, and Data Methodologies. 102-113

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  Alternative Passwords. 146

Volume 37, Number 6, June 1994

From Washington

• 
  Fred W. Weingarten:
  The Politicizing of Science Policy. 13-15

International Perspectives

• 
  Gad Ariav, Seymour E. Goodman:
  Israel: Of Swords and Software Plowshares. 17-21

The Making of the PowerPC

• 
  Nasr Ullah, Philip K. Brownfield:
  The Making of the PowerPC - Introduction to the Special Section. 22-24
• 
  Charles R. Moore, Russell C. Stanphill:
  The PowerPC Alliance. 25-27
• 
  Keith Diefendorff:
  History of the PowerPC Architecture. 28-33
• 
  Brad Burgess, Nasr Ullah, Peter Van Overen, Deene Ogden:
  The PowerPC 603 Microprocessor. 34-42
• 
  Brad W. Suessmith, George Paap III:
  PowerPC 603 Microprocessor Power Management. 43-46
• 
  Ali Poursepanj:
  The POwerPC Performance Modeling Methodology. 47-55
• 
  Julie Shipnes, Mike Philip:
  A Modular Approach to Motorola PowerPC Compilers. 56-62
• 
  William Anderson:
  An Overview of Motorola's PowerPC Simulator Family. 64-69

Articles

• 
  Stuart M. Shieber:
  Lessons from a Restricted Turing Test. 70-78
• 
  Hugh Gene Loebner:
  Response to "Lessons from a Restricted Turing Test". Commun. ACM 37(6): 79-82 (1994)
• 
  Stuart M. Shieber:
  On Loebner's Lessons. 83-84

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  Risks on the Information Superhighway. 114

Volume 37, Number 7, July 1994

Personal Computing

• 
  Larry Press:
  Tomorrow's Campus. 13-17

Intelligent Agents

• 
  Doug Riecken:
  Intelligent Agents - Introduction to the Special Issue. 18-21
• 
  Marvin Minsky, Doug Riecken:
  A Conversation with Marvin Minsky About Agents. 22-29
• 
  Pattie Maes:
  Agents that Reduce Work and Information Overload. 30-40
• 
  Ernest A. Edmonds, Linda Candy, Rachel M. Jones, Bassel Soufi:
  Support for Collaborative Design: Agents and Emergence. 41-47
• 
  Michael R. Genesereth, Steven P. Ketchpel:
  Software Agents. 48-53
• 
  David Canfield Smith, Allen Cypher, James C. Spohrer:
  KidSim: Programming Agents Without a Programming Language. 54-67
• 
  Donald A. Norman:
  How Might People Interact with Agents. 68-71
• 
  Oren Etzioni, Daniel S. Weld:
  A Softbot-Based Interface to the Internet. 72-76
• 
  Tom M. Mitchell, Rich Caruana, Dayne Freitag, John P. McDermott, David Zabowski:
  Experience with a Learning Personal Assistant. 80-91
• 
  Ted Selker:
  COACH: A Teaching Agent that Learns. 92-99
• 
  Irene Greif:
  Desktop Agents in Group-Enabled Products. 100-105
• 
  Doug Riecken:
  M: An Architecture of Integrated Agents. 106-116
• 
  Margaret A. Boden:
  Agents and Creativity. 117-121
• 
  Joseph Bates:
  The Role of Emotion in Believable Agents. 122-125
• 
  Ramanathan V. Guha, Douglas B. Lenat:
  Enabling Agents to Work Together. 126-142
• 
  Henry A. Kautz, Bart Selman, Michael H. Coen:
  Bottom-Up Design of Software Agents. 143-146

Inside Risks

• 
  Barbara Simons:
  Questions about the NII. 170

Volume 37, Number 8, August 1994

Viewpoint

• 
  Robert E. Kahn:
  The Role of Government in the Evolution of the Internet. 15-19

Legally Speaking

• 
  Pamela Samuelson:
  Self-Plagiarism or Fair Use? 21-25

International Perspectives

• 
  Seymour E. Goodman, Larry Press, Stephen R. Ruth, Anthony M. Rutkowski:
  The Global Diffusion of the Internet: Patterns and Problems. 27-31

Internet Technology

• 
  Barry M. Leiner:
  Internet Technology - Introduction to the Special Issue. 32-33
• 
  Kimberly C. Claffy, Hans-Werner Braun, George C. Polyzos:
  Tracking Long-Term Growth of the NSFNET. 34-45
• 
  Håvard Eidnes:
  Practical Considerations for Network Addressing Using CIDR. 46-53
• 
  Hans Eriksson:
  Mbone: The Multicast Backbone. 54-60
• 
  John Moy:
  Multicast Routing Extensions for OSPF. 61-66
• 
  Fumio Teraoka, Keisuke Uehara, Hideki Sunahara, Jun Murai:
  VIP: A Protocal Providing Host Mobility. 67-75
• 
  Tim Berners-Lee, Robert Cailliau, Ari Luotonen, Henrik Frystyk Nielsen, Arthur Secret:
  The World-Wide Web. 76-82
• 
  Hiroshi Ishii, Minoru Kobayashi, Kazuho Arita:
  Iterative Design of Seamless Collaboration Media. 83-97
• 
  C. Mic Bowman, Peter B. Danzig, Udi Manber, Michael F. Schwartz:
  Scalable Internet Discovery: Research Problems and Approaches. 98-107
• 
  Katherine T. Fithen, Barbara Fraser:
  CERT Incident Response. 108-113

Report

• 
  Susan Landau, Stephen T. Kent, Clinton Brooks, Scott Charney, Dorothy E. Denning, Whitfield Diffie, Anthony Lauck, Douglas Miller, Peter G. Neumann, David Sobel:
  Crypto Policy Perspectives. 115-121

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  Friendly Fire. 138

Volume 37, Number 9, September 1994

Log on Education

• 
  Yasmin B. Kafai, Elliot Soloway:
  Computational Gifts for the Barney Generation. 19-22

Sharing Standards

• 
  Roy Rada, George S. Carson:
  The New Media. 23-25

Object-Oriented Software Testing

• 
  Robert V. Binder:
  Object-Oriented Software Testing - Introduction to the Special Section. 28-29
• 
  Paul C. Jorgensen, Carl Erickson:
  Object-Oriented Integration Testing. 30-38
• 
  Gail C. Murphy, Paul Townsend, Pok Sze Wong:
  Experiences with Cluster and Class Testing. 39-47
• 
  Robert M. Poston:
  Automated Testing from Object Models. 48-58
• 
  John D. McGregor, Timothy D. Korson:
  Integrated Object-Oriented Testing and Development Processes. 59-77
• 
  Thomas R. Arnold, William A. Fuson:
  Testing "In A Perfect World". 78-86
• 
  Robert V. Binder:
  Design for Testability in Object-Oriented Systems. 87-101

Articles

• 
  George W. Hart:
  To Decode Short Cryptograms. 102-108
• 
  Lance J. Hoffman, Faraz A. Ali, Steven L. Heckler, Ann Huybrechts:
  Cryptography Policy. 109-117

Inside Risks

• 
  Peter G. Neumann:
  Expectations of Security and Privacy. 138

Volume 37, Number 10, October 1994

From Washington

• 
  Fred W. Weingarten:
  University Research in a Squeeze. 15-17

Articles

• 
  Tomasz Imielinski, B. R. Badrinath:
  Mobile Wireless Computing: Challenges in Data Management. 18-28
• 
  Effy Oz:
  When Professional Standards are Lax: The CONFIRM Failure and its Lessons. 29-36
• 
  Juris Hartmanis:
  Turing Award Lecture: On Computational Complexity and the Nature of Computer Science. 37-43
• 
  Richard T. Watson, Teck-Hua Ho, K. S. Raman:
  Culture: A Fourth Dimension of Group Support. 44-55
• 
  Hsinchun Chen, P. Hsu, Richard E. Orwig, L. Hoopes, Jay F. Nunamaker Jr.:
  Automatic Concept Classification of Text from Electronic Meetings. 56-73
• 
  Martin D. Fraser, Kuldeep Kumar, Vijay K. Vaishnavi:
  Strategies for Incorporating Formal Specifications in Software Development. 74-86
• 
  Rosemary H. Wild, Joseph J. Pignatiello Jr.:
  Finding Stable System Designs: A reverse Simulation Technique. 87-98

Inside Risks

• 
  Benjamin Wright:
  The Verdict on Plaintext Signatures: There're Legal. 122

Volume 37, Number 11, November 1994

Personal Computing

• 
  Larry Press:
  Commercialization on the Internet. 17-21

Enterprising Innovations

• 
  Brian A. Nejmeh:
  Internet: A Strategic Tool for the Software Enterprise. 23-27

Securing Cyberspace

• 
  Ravi Ganesan, Ravi S. Sandhu:
  Securing Cyberspace - Introduction to the Special Section. 28-31
• 
  Ross J. Anderson:
  Why Cryptosystems Fail. 32-40
• 
  Roger M. Needham:
  Denail of Service: An Example. 42-46
• 
  Ralf C. Hauser:
  Does Licensing Require New Access Control Techniques? 48-55
• 
  Gustavus J. Simmons:
  Cryptanalysis and Protocol Failures. 56-65

Articles

• 
  Paul C. Clark, Lance J. Hoffman:
  BITS: A Smartcard Protected Operating System. 66-70
• 
  Shekhar H. Kirani, Imran A. Zualkernan, Wei-Tek Tsai:
  Evaluation of Expert System Testing Methods. 71-81
• 
  Bruce I. Blum:
  A Taxonomy of Software Development Methods. 82-94
• 
  Richard Edwin Stearns:
  Turing Award Lecture: It's Time to Reconsider Time. 95-99

Inside Risks

• 
  Herb Grosch:
  Dehumanizing the Workplace. 122

Volume 37, Number 12, December 1994

Sharing Standards

• 
  James W. Moore, David E. Emery, Roy Rada:
  Language-Independent Standards. 17-20

Legally Speaking

• 
  Pamela Samuelson:
  The NII Intellectual Property Report. 21-27

Visualization and Design

• 
  John M. Carroll:
  Making Use a Design Representation. 28-35
• 
  Gerald L. Lohse, Kevin Biolsi, Neff Walker, Henry H. Rueter:
  A Classification of Visual Representations. 36-49
• 
  Stephen G. Eick, Michael C. Nelson, Jeffrey D. Schmidt:
  Graphical Analysis of Computer Log Files. 50-56
•