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ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, Volume 10
Volume 10, Number 1, January 2021
- Ziheng Sun
, Liping Di, Sreten Cvetojevic
, Zhiqi Yu
:
GeoFairy2: A Cross-Institution Mobile Gateway to Location-Linked Data for In-Situ Decision Making. 1 - Soroush Ojagh
, Sara Saeedi
, Steve H. L. Liang:
A Person-to-Person and Person-to-Place COVID-19 Contact Tracing System Based on OGC IndoorGML. 2 - Cristiano Pesaresi
, Davide Pavia
:
Radio Base Stations and Electromagnetic Fields: GIS Applications and Models for Identifying Possible Risk Factors and Areas Exposed. Some Exemplifications in Rome. 3 - Jianting Yang
, Kongyang Zhao, Muzi Li, Zhu Xu, Zhilin Li
:
Identifying Complex Junctions in a Road Network. 4 - Wenhui Niu, Haoming Xia
, Ruimeng Wang, Li Pan, Qingmin Meng
, Yaochen Qin
, Rumeng Li, Xiaoyang Zhao, Xiqing Bian, Wei Zhao:
Research on Large-Scale Urban Shrinkage and Expansion in the Yellow River Affected Area Using Night Light Data. 5 - Min Zhao, Danyang Qin
, Ruolin Guo, Xinxin Wang:
Indoor Floor Localization Based on Multi-Intelligent Sensors. 6 - Miguel R. Luaces
, Jesús A. Fisteus
, Luis Sánchez Fernández
, Mario Muñoz Organero
, Jesús Balado
, Lucía Díaz-Vilariño
, Henrique Lorenzo
:
Accessible Routes Integrating Data from Multiple Sources. 7 - Sultan Alamri
:
Independent Map Enhancement for a Spatial Road Network: Fundamental Applications and Opportunities. 8 - Lopang Maphale
, Julian Smit
:
A Theoretical Proposition for Spatial Data Infrastructure On-Going Improvement. 9 - Efstathios Adamopoulos
, Fulvio Rinaudo
, Liliana Ardissono
:
A Critical Comparison of 3D Digitization Techniques for Heritage Objects. 10 - Jian Yin, Yuanhong Qiu, Bin Zhang:
Identification of Poverty Areas by Remote Sensing and Machine Learning: A Case Study in Guizhou, Southwest China. 11 - Morteza Omidipoor
, Ara Toomanian
, Najmeh Neysani Samany
, Ali Mansourian
:
Knowledge Discovery Web Service for Spatial Data Infrastructures. 12 - Anqi Wang
, Anshu Zhang
, Edwin H. W. Chan
, Wenzhong Shi, Xiaolin Zhou
, Zhewei Liu
:
A Review of Human Mobility Research Based on Big Data and Its Implication for Smart City Development. 13 - Mengyu Ge, Shenghui Fang, Yan Gong, Pengjie Tao
, Guang Yang, Wenbing Gong
:
Understanding the Correlation between Landscape Pattern and Vertical Urban Volume by Time-Series Remote Sensing Data: A Case Study of Melbourne. 14 - Xiaoguang Zhou, Hongyuan He, Dongyang Hou, Rui Li, Heng Zheng:
A Refined Lines/Regions and Lines/Lines Topological Relations Model Based on Whole-Whole Objects Intersection Components. 15 - Huihui Wang
, Weihua Zeng, Ruoxin Cao:
Simulation of the Urban Jobs-Housing Location Selection and Spatial Relationship Using a Multi-Agent Approach. 16 - Nicola Case, Alfonso Vitti
:
Reconstruction of Multi-Temporal Satellite Imagery by Coupling Variational Segmentation and Radiometric Analysis. 17 - Michaela Doukari
, Stelios Katsanevakis
, Nikolaos Soulakellis, Konstantinos N. Topouzelis
:
The Effect of Environmental Conditions on the Quality of UAS Orthophoto-Maps in the Coastal Environment. 18 - Fuan Tsai
, Jhe-Syuan Lai
, Kieu Anh Nguyen
, Walter W. Chen
:
Determining Cover Management Factor with Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis for Improving Long-Term Soil Loss Estimation in Watersheds. 19 - Shanshan Han
, Cuiming Liu, Keyun Chen, Dawei Gui, Qingyun Du
:
A Tourist Attraction Recommendation Model Fusing Spatial, Temporal, and Visual Embeddings for Flickr-Geotagged Photos. 20 - Yao Chi
, Tianlu Qian, Caiying Sheng, Changbai Xi, Jiechen Wang:
Analysis of Differences in the Spatial Distribution among Terrestrial Mammals Using Geodetector - A Case Study of China. 21 - Tong Yu
, Wenjin Wu
, Chen Gong, Xinwu Li:
Residual Multi-Attention Classification Network for A Forest Dominated Tropical Landscape Using High-Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery. 22 - Michael Wurm
, Ariane Droin, Thomas Stark, Christian Geiß, Wolfgang Sulzer
, Hannes Taubenböck
:
Deep Learning-Based Generation of Building Stock Data from Remote Sensing for Urban Heat Demand Modeling. 23 - Mohammad H. Vahidnia
, Hossein Vahidi
:
Open Community-Based Crowdsourcing Geoportal for Earth Observation Products: A Model Design and Prototype Implementation. 24 - Junghwan Kim
, Mei-Po Kwan
:
An Examination of People's Privacy Concerns, Perceptions of Social Benefits, and Acceptance of COVID-19 Mitigation Measures That Harness Location Information: A Comparative Study of the U.S. and South Korea. 25 - Zhen Li, Xiaoming Zhang
, Junxiang Tan
, Hua Liu:
Pairwise Coarse Registration of Indoor Point Clouds Using 2D Line Features. 26 - Bilal Ahmad Munir, Sajid Rashid Ahmad, Raja Rehan:
Torrential Flood Water Management: Rainwater Harvesting through Relation Based Dam Suitability Analysis and Quantification of Erosion Potential. 27 - Chhabi Lal Chidi, Wei Zhao
, Suresh Chaudhary
, Donghong Xiong, Yanhong Wu:
Sensitivity Assessment of Spatial Resolution Difference in DEM for Soil Erosion Estimation Based on UAV Observations: An Experiment on Agriculture Terraces in the Middle Hill of Nepal. 28 - Praveen Kumar
, Akhouri Pramod Krishna
, Thorkild Maack Rasmussen, Mahendra K. Pal
:
Rapid Evaluation and Validation Method of Above Ground Forest Biomass Estimation Using Optical Remote Sensing in Tundi Reserved Forest Area, India. 29 - Alfonso Quarati
, Monica De Martino
, Sergio Rosim
:
Geospatial Open Data Usage and Metadata Quality. 30 - Nengcheng Chen
, Meijuan Yang, Wenying Du
, Min Huang
:
PM2.5 Estimation and Spatial-Temporal Pattern Analysis Based on the Modified Support Vector Regression Model and the 1 km Resolution MAIAC AOD in Hubei, China. 31 - Abhishek V. Potnis
, Surya S. Durbha, Rajat C. Shinde
:
Semantics-Driven Remote Sensing Scene Understanding Framework for Grounded Spatio-Contextual Scene Descriptions. 32 - Wenqi Zhang, Huaan Jin, Huaiyong Shao, Ainong Li, Shangzhi Li, Wenjie Fan:
Temporal and Spatial Variations in the Leaf Area Index and Its Response to Topography in the Three-River Source Region, China from 2000 to 2017. 33 - Alessandro Sebastianelli
, Francesco Mauro, Gianluca Di Cosmo, Fabrizio Passarini
, Marco Carminati
, Silvia Liberata Ullo
:
AIRSENSE-TO-ACT: A Concept Paper for COVID-19 Countermeasures Based on Artificial Intelligence Algorithms and Multi-Source Data Processing. 34 - Goran Sladic
, Branko Milosavljevic
, Sinisa Nikolic
, Dubravka Sladic
, Aleksandra Radulovic
:
A Blockchain Solution for Securing Real Property Transactions: A Case Study for Serbia. 35 - Hang Zhang
, Mingxin Gan
, Xi Sun:
Incorporating Memory-Based Preferences and Point-of-Interest Stickiness into Recommendations in Location-Based Social Networks. 36 - Chun-Hsiang Chan
, Tzu-How Chu, Jiun-Huei Proty Wu
, Tzai-Hung Wen
:
Spatially Characterizing Major Airline Alliances: A Network Analysis. 37 - Shangjing Jiang
, Haiping Zhang
, Haoran Wang
, Lei Zhou, Guoan Tang
:
Using Restaurant POI Data to Explore Regional Structure of Food Culture Based on Cuisine Preference. 38 - Kai Zhou, Yan Xie
, Zhan Gao, Fang Miao, Lei Zhang:
FuNet: A Novel Road Extraction Network with Fusion of Location Data and Remote Sensing Imagery. 39 - Naixia Mou, Haonan Ren
, Yunhao Zheng
, Jinhai Chen
, Jiqiang Niu
, Tengfei Yang
, Lingxian Zhang, Feng Liu:
Traffic Inequality and Relations in Maritime Silk Road: A Network Flow Analysis. 40 - Israa Kadhim
, Fanar M. Abed
:
The Potential of LiDAR and UAV-Photogrammetric Data Analysis to Interpret Archaeological Sites: A Case Study of Chun Castle in South-West England. 41 - Kieu Anh Nguyen
, Walter W. Chen
, Bor-Shiun Lin
, Uma Seeboonruang:
Comparison of Ensemble Machine Learning Methods for Soil Erosion Pin Measurements. 42
Volume 10, Number 2, February 2021
- Jizhou Bai
, Zixiang Zhou, Yufeng Zou, Bakhtiyor Pulatov
, Kadambot H. M. Siddique
:
Watershed Drought and Ecosystem Services: Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Gray Relational Analysis. 43 - Bo Zhang, Weidong Li
, Nicholas Lownes, Chuanrong Zhang
:
Estimating the Impacts of Proximity to Public Transportation on Residential Property Values: An Empirical Analysis for Hartford and Stamford Areas, Connecticut. 44 - Sidong Zhao
, Xingping Wang
, Zhishan Ma:
Study on Fractal Characteristics of Migration-Population Flow - Evidence from Egypt. 45 - Marta Samulowska
, Szymon Chmielewski
, Edwin Raczko
, Michal Lupa
, Dorota Myszkowska
, Bogdan Zagajewski
:
Crowdsourcing without Data Bias: Building a Quality Assurance System for Air Pollution Symptom Mapping. 46 - Sophie Curtis-Ham
, Wim Bernasco
, Oleg N. Medvedev
, Devon L. L. Polaschek:
A National Examination of the Spatial Extent and Similarity of Offenders' Activity Spaces Using Police Data. 47 - Johannes Müller
:
Evaluation Methods for Citizen Design Science Studies: How Do Planners and Citizens Obtain Relevant Information from Map-Based E-Participation Tools? 48 - IJGI Editorial Office:
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of IJGI in 2020. 49 - Gaetano Ortolano
, Alberto D'Agostino
, Mario Pagano, Roberto Visalli
, Michele Zucali
, Eugenio Fazio
, Ian Alsop
, Rosolino Cirrincione
:
ArcStereoNet: A New ArcGIS® Toolbox for Projection and Analysis of Meso- and Micro-Structural Data. 50 - Roberto Visalli
, Gaetano Ortolano
, Gaston Godard, Rosolino Cirrincione
:
Micro-Fabric Analyzer (MFA): A New Semiautomated ArcGIS-Based Edge Detector for Quantitative Microstructural Analysis of Rock Thin-Sections. 51 - Frank O. Ostermann
:
Linking Geosocial Sensing with the Socio-Demographic Fabric of Smart Cities. 52 - Yeran Sun
, Ying Huang, Ke Yuan, Ting On Chan
, Yu Wang:
Spatial Patterns of COVID-19 Incidence in Relation to Crime Rate Across London. 53 - Lin Huang, Jianhua Gong, Wenhang Li:
A Perception Model for Optimizing and Evaluating Evacuation Guidance Systems. 54 - Helen Eriksson, Lars Harrie
:
Versioning of 3D City Models for Municipality Applications: Needs, Obstacles and Recommendations. 55 - Siwei Lin
, Nan Chen:
DEM Based Study on Shielded Astronomical Solar Radiation and Possible Sunshine Duration under Terrain Influences on Mars by Using Spectral Methods. 56 - Yi-Chung Chen
, Hsi-Ho Huang, Sheng-Min Chiu, Chiang Lee:
Joint Promotion Partner Recommendation Systems Using Data from Location-Based Social Networks. 57 - Muhammad Fawad Akbar Khan
, Khan Muhammad
, Shahid Bashir
, Shahab Ud Din
, Muhammad Hanif
:
Mapping Allochemical Limestone Formations in Hazara, Pakistan Using Google Cloud Architecture: Application of Machine-Learning Algorithms on Multispectral Data. 58 - Arsalan Ahmed Othman
, Ahmed K. Obaid
, Diary Ali Mohammed Al-Manmi
, Ahmed F. Al-Maamar, Syed E. Hasan, Veraldo Liesenberg
, Ahmed T. Shihab, Younus I. Al-Saady:
New Insight on Soil Loss Estimation in the Northwestern Region of the Zagros Fold and Thrust Belt. 59 - Khydija Wakil
, Ali Tahir
, Muhammad Qadeer ul Hussnain
, Abdul Waheed, Raheel Nawaz
:
Mitigating Urban Visual Pollution through a Multistakeholder Spatial Decision Support System to Optimize Locational Potential of Billboards. 60 - Chao Xu
, Weibo Liu
:
Integrating a Three-Level GIS Framework and a Graph Model to Track, Represent, and Analyze the Dynamic Activities of Tidal Flats. 61 - Vitória Albuquerque
, Miguel Sales Dias
, Fernando Bação
:
Machine Learning Approaches to Bike-Sharing Systems: A Systematic Literature Review. 62 - Yibing Yao, Yuyang Zhang, Taoyu Yao, Kapo Wong
, Jin Yeu Tsou
, Yuanzhi Zhang:
A GIS-Based System for Spatial-Temporal Availability Evaluation of the Open Spaces Used as Emergency Shelters: The Case of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. 63 - Chaopeng Li, Guoyin Cai, Mingyi Du:
Big Data Supported the Identification of Urban Land Efficiency in Eurasia by Indicator SDG 11.3.1. 64 - Amin Gharebaghi
, Mir Abolfazl Mostafavi
, Geoffrey Edwards, Patrick Fougeyrollas
:
User-Specific Route Planning for People with Motor Disabilities: A Fuzzy Approach. 65 - Jiawei Zhu, Chao Tao, Xin Lin, Jian Peng
, Haozhe Huang, Li Chen
, Qiongjie Wang:
A Multiple Subspaces-Based Model: Interpreting Urban Functional Regions with Big Geospatial Data. 66 - Chao Jiang
, Lin Liu
, Xiaoxing Qin
, Suhong Zhou, Kai Liu
:
Discovering Spatial-Temporal Indication of Crime Association (STICA). 67 - Tianqi Qiu
, Xiaojin Liang, Qingyun Du
, Fu Ren, Pengjie Lu, Chao Wu:
Techniques for the Automatic Detection and Hiding of Sensitive Targets in Emergency Mapping Based on Remote Sensing Data. 68 - Katarzyna Slomska-Przech
, Izabela Malgorzata Golebiowska
:
Do Different Map Types Support Map Reading Equally? Comparing Choropleth, Graduated Symbols, and Isoline Maps for Map Use Tasks. 69 - Lihu Pan
, Le Zhang, Shipeng Qin, Huimin Yan, Rui Peng, Fen Li:
Study on an Artificial Society of Urban Safety Livability Change. 70 - Ya Zhang, Jiping Liu, Yong Wang, Yungang Cao, Youda Bai:
Research on the Method of Urban Jobs-Housing Space Recognition Combining Trajectory and POI Data. 71 - Chen Jia
, Yuefeng Liu, Yunyan Du
, Jianfeng Huang
, Teng Fei
:
Evaluation of Urban Vibrancy and Its Relationship with the Economic Landscape: A Case Study of Beijing. 72 - Raquel Pérez-Arnal
, David V. Conesa
, Sergio Álvarez-Napagao
, Toyotaro Suzumura, Martí Català
, Enrique Alvarez-Lacalle
, Dario Garcia-Gasulla
:
Comparative Analysis of Geolocation Information through Mobile-Devices under Different COVID-19 Mobility Restriction Patterns in Spain. 73 - Vít Pászto
, Jirí Pánek
, René Glas
, Jasper van Vught:
Spationomy Simulation Game - Playful Learning in Spatial Economy Higher Education. 74 - Daoye Zhu
, Chengqi Cheng, Weixin Zhai
, Yihang Li, Shizhong Li, Bo Chen:
Multiscale Spatial Polygonal Object Granularity Factor Matching Method Based on BPNN. 75 - Erika Betzabeth Palafox-Juárez
, Jorge Omar López-Martínez
, José Luis Hernández-Stefanoni
, Héctor Hernández-Nuñez:
Impact of Urban Land-Cover Changes on the Spatial-Temporal Land Surface Temperature in a Tropical City of Mexico. 76 - Yitong Gan
, Hongchao Fan, Wei Jiao, Mengqi Sun
:
Exploring the Influence of E-Hailing Applications on the Taxi Industry - From the Perspective of the Drivers. 77 - Songyuan Li, Hui Tian, Hong Shen, Yingpeng Sang:
Privacy-Preserving Trajectory Data Publishing by Dynamic Anonymization with Bounded Distortion. 78 - Ching-Yun Mu
, Tien-Yin Chou
, Thanh Van Hoang
, Pin Kung
, Yao-Min Fang, Mei-Hsin Chen, Mei Ling Yeh:
Development of Multilayer-Based Map Matching to Enhance Performance in Large Truck Fleet Dispatching. 79 - Ljiljana Seric
, Tomas Pinjusic, Karlo Topic, Tomislav Blazevic:
Lost Person Search Area Prediction Based on Regression and Transfer Learning Models. 80 - Sepehr Honarparvar, Sara Saeedi
, Steve H. L. Liang, Jeremy Squires:
Design and Development of an Internet of Smart Cameras Solution for Complex Event Detection in COVID-19 Risk Behaviour Recognition. 81 - Ruslan Rydvanskiy, Nick Hedley
:
Mixed Reality Flood Visualizations: Reflections on Development and Usability of Current Systems. 82 - Mingli Song, Guangshe Jia:
Performance and Productivity of Regional Air Transport Systems in China. 83 - Niranga Alahacoon, Mahesh Edirisinghe
:
Spatial Variability of Rainfall Trends in Sri Lanka from 1989 to 2019 as an Indication of Climate Change. 84 - Juan Francisco Reinoso Gordo
, Antonio Gámiz-Gordo
, Pedro Barrero-Ortega
:
Digital Graphic Documentation and Architectural Heritage: Deformations in a 16th-Century Ceiling of the Pinelo Palace in Seville (Spain). 85 - Rogerio Ribeiro Marinho
, Tristan Harmel
, Jean-Michel Martinez
, Naziano Pantoja Filizola Junior:
Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Suspended Sediments in the Negro River, Amazon Basin, from In Situ and Sentinel-2 Remote Sensing Data. 86 - Jean-Paul Kasprzyk
, Guénaël Devillet:
A Data Cube Metamodel for Geographic Analysis Involving Heterogeneous Dimensions. 87 - Dana Kaziyeva
, Martin Loidl
, Gudrun Wallentin
:
Simulating Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Bicycle Flows with an Agent-Based Model. 88 - Carla Iadanza
, Alessandro Trigila
, Paolo Starace
, Alessio Dragoni
, Tommaso Biondo, Marco Roccisano:
IdroGEO: A Collaborative Web Mapping Application Based on REST API Services and Open Data on Landslides and Floods in Italy. 89 - Jin Zhu, Dayu Cheng, Weiwei Zhang, Ci Song
, Jie Chen, Tao Pei
:
A New Approach to Measuring the Similarity of Indoor Semantic Trajectories. 90 - Triantafyllia-Maria Perivolioti
, Antonios Mouratidis
, Dimitrios Terzopoulos, Panagiotis Kalaitzis, Dimitrios Ampatzidis
, Michal Tuser
, Jaroslava Frouzova, Dimitra Bobori
:
Production, Validation and Morphometric Analysis of a Digital Terrain Model for Lake Trichonis Using Geospatial Technologies and Hydroacoustics. 91 - Tao Zhang
, Shanshan Hu
, Yun He, Shucheng You, Xiaomei Yang
, Yuhang Gan, Aixia Liu:
A Fine-Scale Mangrove Map of China Derived from 2-Meter Resolution Satellite Observations and Field Data. 92 - Wei Xie
, Xiaoshuang Li, Wenbin Jian, Yang Yang, Hongwei Liu, Luis F. Robledo
, Wen Nie:
A Novel Hybrid Method for Landslide Susceptibility Mapping-Based GeoDetector and Machine Learning Cluster: A Case of Xiaojin County, China. 93 - Andreas Tsatsaris
, Kleomenis Kalogeropoulos
, Nikolaos Stathopoulos
, Panagiota Louka, Konstantinos Tsanakas
, Demetrios E. Tsesmelis
, Vassilios Krassanakis
, George P. Petropoulos
, Vasilis Pappas, Christos Chalkias:
Geoinformation Technologies in Support of Environmental Hazards Monitoring under Climate Change: An Extensive Review. 94 - Piotr Litynski
:
The Intensity of Urban Sprawl in Poland. 95 - Krzysztof Zagata
, Jacek Gulij
, Lukasz Halik
, Beata Medynska-Gulij
:
Mini-Map for Gamers Who Walk and Teleport in a Virtual Stronghold. 96 - Jaeyoung Song
, Kiyun Yu:
Framework for Indoor Elements Classification via Inductive Learning on Floor Plan Graphs. 97 - Benito Zaragozí
, Sergio Trilles
, Aaron Gutiérrez
:
Passive Mobile Data for Studying Seasonal Tourism Mobilities: An Application in a Mediterranean Coastal Destination. 98 - Eunseo Kwon, Sungwon Jung, Jaewook Lee
:
Artificial Neural Network Model Development to Predict Theft Types in Consideration of Environmental Factors. 99 - Tingting Pan
, Yu Zhang, Fenzhen Su, Vincent Lyne
, Fei Cheng, Han Xiao
:
Practical Efficient Regional Land-Use Planning Using Constrained Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm Optimization. 100 - Francisco Maturana
, Mauricio Morales
, Fernando Peña-Cortés, Marco A. Peña
, Carlos Vielma
:
Urban Growth, Real Estate Development and Indigenous Property: Simulating the Expansion Process in the City of Temuco, Chile. 101 - Tomás Rezník
, Jan Chytrý
, Katerina Trojanová:
Machine Learning-Based Processing Proof-of-Concept Pipeline for Semi-Automatic Sentinel-2 Imagery Download, Cloudiness Filtering, Classifications, and Updates of Open Land Use/Land Cover Datasets. 102 - Elias Willberg
, Olle Järv
, Tuomas Väisänen
, Tuuli Toivonen
:
Escaping from Cities during the COVID-19 Crisis: Using Mobile Phone Data to Trace Mobility in Finland. 103 - Reinhold Lehneis
, David Manske
, Daniela Thrän
:
Modeling of the German Wind Power Production with High Spatiotemporal Resolution. 104 - Kadir Sahbaz
, Melih Basaraner
:
A Zonal Displacement Approach via Grid Point Weighting in Building Generalization. 105
Volume 10, Number 3, March 2021
- Josef Rada, Marian Rybansky
, Filip Dohnal
:
The Impact of the Accuracy of Terrain Surface Data on the Navigation of Off-Road Vehicles. 106 - Anna Baranska
, Joanna Bac-Bronowicz
, Dorota Dejniak, Stanislaw Lewinski, Artur Krawczyk
, Tadeusz Chrobak:
A Unified Methodology for the Generalisation of the Geometry of Features. 107 - Chris Harding, Franciszek J. Hasiuk
, Aaron Wood:
TouchTerrain - 3D Printable Terrain Models. 108 - Cong Xiao, Xiaodong Zhang
, Ziyao Xing, Keke Han, Zhe Liu
, Junming Liu:
Investigation of the Expression Method of Theme-Typhoon Disaster Information. 109 - Doddi Yudianto
, Bobby Minola Ginting
, Stephen Sanjaya
, Steven Reinaldo Rusli
, Albert Wicaksono
:
A Framework of Dam-Break Hazard Risk Mapping for a Data-Sparse Region in Indonesia. 110 - Maurici Ruiz-Pérez
, Joana Maria Seguí-Pons
:
Bus Service Level and Horizontal Equity Analysis in the Context of the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem. 111