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@article{DBLP:journals/csl/ChowdhuryDA24,
  author       = {Shammur Absar Chowdhury and
                  Nadir Durrani and
                  Ahmed Ali},
  title        = {What do end-to-end speech models learn about speaker, language and
                  channel information? {A} layer-wise and neuron-level analysis},
  journal      = {Comput. Speech Lang.},
  volume       = {83},
  pages        = {101539},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/eswa/GarciaMendezPBG24,
  author       = {Silvia Garc{\'{\i}}a{-}M{\'{e}}ndez and
                  Francisco de Arriba P{\'{e}}rez and
                  Ana Barros{-}Vila and
                  Francisco J. Gonz{\'{a}}lez{-}Casta{\~{n}}o},
  title        = {Corrigendum to "Detection of temporality at discourse level on financial
                  news by combing Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning"
                  [Expert Syst. Appl. 197 {(2022)} 116648]},
  journal      = {Expert Syst. Appl.},
  volume       = {245},
  pages        = {123552},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ijhac/Olivieri24,
  author       = {Simona Olivieri},
  title        = {Integrating Digital Humanities Courses into University-level Language
                  Studies Curriculum},
  journal      = {Int. J. Humanit. Arts Comput.},
  volume       = {18},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {5--19},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ijon/DengLCYZG24,
  author       = {Zhiwen Deng and
                  Yuquan Leng and
                  Junkang Chen and
                  Xiang Yu and
                  Yang Zhang and
                  Qing Gao},
  title        = {TMS-Net: {A} multi-feature multi-stream multi-level information sharing
                  network for skeleton-based sign language recognition},
  journal      = {Neurocomputing},
  volume       = {572},
  pages        = {127194},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jcal/Abdelhalim24,
  author       = {Safaa M. Abdelhalim},
  title        = {Using ChatGPT to promote research competency: English as a Foreign
                  Language undergraduates' perceptions and practices across varied metacognitive
                  awareness levels},
  journal      = {J. Comput. Assist. Learn.},
  volume       = {40},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {1261--1275},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/neuroimage/LuoGYCYL24,
  author       = {Qinqin Luo and
                  Leyan Gao and
                  Zhirui Yang and
                  Sihui Chen and
                  Jingwen Yang and
                  Shuo Lu},
  title        = {Integrated sentence-level speech perception evokes strengthened language
                  networks and facilitates early speech development},
  journal      = {NeuroImage},
  volume       = {289},
  pages        = {120544},
  year         = {2024}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aaai/LaiSMLYH24,
  author       = {Chengen Lai and
                  Shengli Song and
                  Shiqi Meng and
                  Jingyang Li and
                  Sitong Yan and
                  Guangneng Hu},
  title        = {Towards More Faithful Natural Language Explanation Using Multi-Level
                  Contrastive Learning in {VQA}},
  booktitle    = {{AAAI}},
  pages        = {2849--2857},
  publisher    = {{AAAI} Press},
  year         = {2024}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aaai/SunHZMSC0024,
  author       = {Liangtai Sun and
                  Yang Han and
                  Zihan Zhao and
                  Da Ma and
                  Zhennan Shen and
                  Baocai Chen and
                  Lu Chen and
                  Kai Yu},
  title        = {SciEval: {A} Multi-Level Large Language Model Evaluation Benchmark
                  for Scientific Research},
  booktitle    = {{AAAI}},
  pages        = {19053--19061},
  publisher    = {{AAAI} Press},
  year         = {2024}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aaai/ZhouXCS24,
  author       = {Zhenhong Zhou and
                  Jiuyang Xiang and
                  Chaomeng Chen and
                  Sen Su},
  title        = {Quantifying and Analyzing Entity-Level Memorization in Large Language
                  Models},
  booktitle    = {{AAAI}},
  pages        = {19741--19749},
  publisher    = {{AAAI} Press},
  year         = {2024}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/asplos/OppermannDMMJ024,
  author       = {Julian Oppermann and
                  Brindusa Mihaela Damian{-}Kosterhon and
                  Florian Meisel and
                  Tammo M{\"{u}}rmann and
                  Eyck Jentzsch and
                  Andreas Koch},
  title        = {Longnail: High-Level Synthesis of Portable Custom Instruction Set
                  Extensions for {RISC-V} Processors from Descriptions in the Open-Source
                  CoreDSL Language},
  booktitle    = {{ASPLOS} {(3)}},
  pages        = {591--606},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2024}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/chi/DhillonMLGZR24,
  author       = {Paramveer S. Dhillon and
                  Somayeh Molaei and
                  Jiaqi Li and
                  Maximilian Golub and
                  Shaochun Zheng and
                  Lionel Peter Robert},
  title        = {Shaping Human-AI Collaboration: Varied Scaffolding Levels in Co-writing
                  with Language Models},
  booktitle    = {{CHI}},
  pages        = {1044:1--1044:18},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2024}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/coling/AliKW24,
  author       = {Iqra Ali and
                  Hidetaka Kamigaito and
                  Taro Watanabe},
  title        = {Monolingual Paraphrase Detection Corpus for Low Resource Pashto Language
                  at Sentence Level},
  booktitle    = {{LREC/COLING}},
  pages        = {11574--11581},
  publisher    = {{ELRA} and {ICCL}},
  year         = {2024}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/coling/AnC024,
  author       = {Jimin An and
                  YunSeok Choi and
                  Jee{-}Hyong Lee},
  title        = {Code Defect Detection Using Pre-trained Language Models with Encoder-Decoder
                  via Line-Level Defect Localization},
  booktitle    = {{LREC/COLING}},
  pages        = {3446--3456},
  publisher    = {{ELRA} and {ICCL}},
  year         = {2024}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/coling/DuWZFLL0W24,
  author       = {Mengfei Du and
                  Binhao Wu and
                  Jiwen Zhang and
                  Zhihao Fan and
                  Zejun Li and
                  Ruipu Luo and
                  Xuanjing Huang and
                  Zhongyu Wei},
  title        = {{DELAN:} Dual-Level Alignment for Vision-and-Language Navigation by
                  Cross-Modal Contrastive Learning},
  booktitle    = {{LREC/COLING}},
  pages        = {4605--4616},
  publisher    = {{ELRA} and {ICCL}},
  year         = {2024}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/coling/FarajidizajiRG24,
  author       = {Asma Farajidizaji and
                  Vatsal Raina and
                  Mark J. F. Gales},
  title        = {Is It Possible to Modify Text to a Target Readability Level? An Initial
                  Investigation Using Zero-Shot Large Language Models},
  booktitle    = {{LREC/COLING}},
  pages        = {9325--9339},
  publisher    = {{ELRA} and {ICCL}},
  year         = {2024}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/coling/PranjicRP24,
  author       = {Marko Pranjic and
                  Marko Robnik{-}Sikonja and
                  Senja Pollak},
  title        = {LLMSegm: Surface-level Morphological Segmentation Using Large Language
                  Model},
  booktitle    = {{LREC/COLING}},
  pages        = {10665--10674},
  publisher    = {{ELRA} and {ICCL}},
  year         = {2024}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/coling/WangZYWLL24,
  author       = {Yue Wang and
                  Hua Zheng and
                  Yaqi Yin and
                  Hansi Wang and
                  Qiliang Liang and
                  Yang Liu},
  title        = {Morpheme Sense Disambiguation: {A} New Task Aiming for Understanding
                  the Language at Character Level},
  booktitle    = {{LREC/COLING}},
  pages        = {11605--11618},
  publisher    = {{ELRA} and {ICCL}},
  year         = {2024}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/coling/Wu0L24,
  author       = {Xin Wu and
                  Yi Cai and
                  Ho{-}fung Leung},
  title        = {Abstract-level Deductive Reasoning for Pre-trained Language Models},
  booktitle    = {{LREC/COLING}},
  pages        = {70--76},
  publisher    = {{ELRA} and {ICCL}},
  year         = {2024}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/coling/ZilioQKO24,
  author       = {Leonardo Zilio and
                  Shenbin Qian and
                  Diptesh Kanojia and
                  Constantin Orasan},
  title        = {Character-level Language Models for Abbreviation and Long-form Detection},
  booktitle    = {{LREC/COLING}},
  pages        = {3028--3037},
  publisher    = {{ELRA} and {ICCL}},
  year         = {2024}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/eacl/HasanHGR24,
  author       = {Md. Rakibul Hasan and
                  Md. Zakir Hossain and
                  Tom Gedeon and
                  Shafin Rahman},
  title        = {LLM-GEm: Large Language Model-Guided Prediction of People's Empathy
                  Levels towards Newspaper Article},
  booktitle    = {{EACL} (Findings)},
  pages        = {2215--2231},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2024}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/eacl/JeonL24,
  author       = {Yejin Jeon and
                  Gary Geunbae Lee},
  title        = {Multi-Level Attention Aggregation for Language-Agnostic Speaker Replication},
  booktitle    = {{EACL} {(2)}},
  pages        = {14--20},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2024}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/eacl/YuanCW24,
  author       = {Weizhe Yuan and
                  Kyunghyun Cho and
                  Jason Weston},
  title        = {System-Level Natural Language Feedback},
  booktitle    = {{EACL} {(1)}},
  pages        = {2773--2789},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2024}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/eacl/ZhangLYT24,
  author       = {Zhe Zhang and
                  Karol Lasocki and
                  Yi Yu and
                  Atsuhiro Takasu},
  title        = {Syllable-level lyrics generation from melody exploiting character-level
                  language model},
  booktitle    = {{EACL} (Findings)},
  pages        = {1336--1346},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2024}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icissp/MoralesRBJS24,
  author       = {Gabriel A. Morales and
                  Farhan Tajwar Romit and
                  Adam Bienek{-}Parrish and
                  Patrick Jenkins and
                  Rocky Slavin},
  title        = {IoT Device Classification Using Link-Level Features for Traditional
                  Machine Learning and Large Language Models},
  booktitle    = {{ICISSP}},
  pages        = {297--308},
  publisher    = {{SCITEPRESS}},
  year         = {2024}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icse/0009W0LRLW24,
  author       = {Yuxiao Chen and
                  Jingzheng Wu and
                  Xiang Ling and
                  Changjiang Li and
                  Zhiqing Rui and
                  Tianyue Luo and
                  Yanjun Wu},
  title        = {When Large Language Models Confront Repository-Level Automatic Program
                  Repair: How Well They Done?},
  booktitle    = {{ICSE} Companion},
  pages        = {459--471},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2024}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icse/Du0WWL0FS0L24,
  author       = {Xueying Du and
                  Mingwei Liu and
                  Kaixin Wang and
                  Hanlin Wang and
                  Junwei Liu and
                  Yixuan Chen and
                  Jiayi Feng and
                  Chaofeng Sha and
                  Xin Peng and
                  Yiling Lou},
  title        = {Evaluating Large Language Models in Class-Level Code Generation},
  booktitle    = {{ICSE}},
  pages        = {81:1--81:13},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2401-04898,
  author       = {Bingchao Wang},
  title        = {{ANGO:} {A} Next-Level Evaluation Benchmark For Generation-Oriented
                  Language Models In Chinese Domain},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2401.04898},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2401-06468,
  author       = {Minghao Wu and
                  Thuy{-}Trang Vu and
                  Lizhen Qu and
                  George F. Foster and
                  Gholamreza Haffari},
  title        = {Adapting Large Language Models for Document-Level Machine Translation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2401.06468},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2401-08088,
  author       = {Yachao Li and
                  Junhui Li and
                  Jing Jiang and
                  Min Zhang},
  title        = {Enhancing Document-level Translation of Large Language Model via Translation
                  Mixed-instructions},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2401.08088},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2401-08326,
  author       = {Junjie Ye and
                  Yilong Wu and
                  Songyang Gao and
                  Caishuang Huang and
                  Sixian Li and
                  Guanyu Li and
                  Xiaoran Fan and
                  Qi Zhang and
                  Tao Gui and
                  Xuanjing Huang},
  title        = {RoTBench: {A} Multi-Level Benchmark for Evaluating the Robustness
                  of Large Language Models in Tool Learning},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2401.08326},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2401-12992,
  author       = {Seung{-}Bin Kim and
                  Sang{-}Hoon Lee and
                  Seong{-}Whan Lee},
  title        = {TranSentence: Speech-to-speech Translation via Language-agnostic Sentence-level
                  Speech Encoding without Language-parallel Data},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2401.12992},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2402-01521,
  author       = {Yadong Zhang and
                  Shaoguang Mao and
                  Tao Ge and
                  Xun Wang and
                  Yan Xia and
                  Man Lan and
                  Furu Wei},
  title        = {K-Level Reasoning with Large Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2402.01521},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2402-03628,
  author       = {Zhixuan Chu and
                  Yan Wang and
                  Feng Zhu and
                  Lu Yu and
                  Longfei Li and
                  Jinjie Gu},
  title        = {Professional Agents - Evolving Large Language Models into Autonomous
                  Experts with Human-Level Competencies},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2402.03628},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2402-06700,
  author       = {Muning Wen and
                  Cheng Deng and
                  Jun Wang and
                  Weinan Zhang and
                  Ying Wen},
  title        = {Entropy-Regularized Token-Level Policy Optimization for Large Language
                  Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2402.06700},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2402-08635,
  author       = {Husne Ara Rubaiyeat and
                  Hasan Mahmud and
                  Ahsan Habib and
                  Md. Kamrul Hasan},
  title        = {BdSLW60: {A} Word-Level Bangla Sign Language Dataset},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2402.08635},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2402-10986,
  author       = {Gagan Bhatia and
                  El Moatez Billah Nagoudi and
                  Hasan Cavusoglu and
                  Muhammad Abdul{-}Mageed},
  title        = {FinTral: {A} Family of {GPT-4} Level Multimodal Financial Large Language
                  Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2402.10986},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2402-11723,
  author       = {Paramveer S. Dhillon and
                  Somayeh Molaei and
                  Jiaqi Li and
                  Maximilian Golub and
                  Shaochun Zheng and
                  Lionel P. Robert},
  title        = {Shaping Human-AI Collaboration: Varied Scaffolding Levels in Co-writing
                  with Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2402.11723},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2402-14815,
  author       = {Yuzhe Yang and
                  Yujia Liu and
                  Xin Liu and
                  Avanti Gulhane and
                  Domenico Mastrodicasa and
                  Wei Wu and
                  Edward Jay Wang and
                  Dushyant W. Sahani and
                  Shwetak N. Patel},
  title        = {Demographic Bias of Expert-Level Vision-Language Foundation Models
                  in Medical Imaging},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2402.14815},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2402-15202,
  author       = {Xin Yi and
                  Linlin Wang and
                  Xiaoling Wang and
                  Liang He},
  title        = {Fine-Grained Detoxification via Instance-Level Prefixes for Large
                  Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2402.15202},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2402-15726,
  author       = {Xiao Lin and
                  Minghao Zhu and
                  Ronghao Dang and
                  Guangliang Zhou and
                  Shaolong Shu and
                  Feng Lin and
                  Chengju Liu and
                  Qijun Chen},
  title        = {CLIPose: Category-Level Object Pose Estimation with Pre-trained Vision-Language
                  Knowledge},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2402.15726},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2402-17682,
  author       = {Tamara Czinczoll and
                  Christoph H{\"{o}}nes and
                  Maximilian Schall and
                  Gerard de Melo},
  title        = {NextLevelBERT: Investigating Masked Language Modeling with Higher-Level
                  Representations for Long Documents},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2402.17682},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2402-18144,
  author       = {Seungjong Sun and
                  Eungu Lee and
                  Dongyan Nan and
                  Xiangying Zhao and
                  Wonbyung Lee and
                  Bernard J. Jansen and
                  Jang{-}Hyun Kim},
  title        = {Random Silicon Sampling: Simulating Human Sub-Population Opinion Using
                  a Large Language Model Based on Group-Level Demographic Information},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2402.18144},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2402-18563,
  author       = {Danny Halawi and
                  Fred Zhang and
                  Chen Yueh{-}Han and
                  Jacob Steinhardt},
  title        = {Approaching Human-Level Forecasting with Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2402.18563},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2402-19118,
  author       = {Qidan Zhu and
                  Jing Li and
                  Fei Yuan and
                  Quan Gan},
  title        = {Continuous Sign Language Recognition Based on Motor attention mechanism
                  and frame-level Self-distillation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2402.19118},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2403-00448,
  author       = {Yuxiao Chen and
                  Jingzheng Wu and
                  Xiang Ling and
                  Changjiang Li and
                  Zhiqing Rui and
                  Tianyue Luo and
                  Yanjun Wu},
  title        = {When Large Language Models Confront Repository-Level Automatic Program
                  Repair: How Well They Done?},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2403.00448},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2403-00843,
  author       = {Wentao Shi and
                  Xiangnan He and
                  Yang Zhang and
                  Chongming Gao and
                  Xinyue Li and
                  Jizhi Zhang and
                  Qifan Wang and
                  Fuli Feng},
  title        = {Enhancing Long-Term Recommendation with Bi-level Learnable Large Language
                  Model Planning},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2403.00843},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2403-00896,
  author       = {Kedi Chen and
                  Qin Chen and
                  Jie Zhou and
                  Yishen He and
                  Liang He},
  title        = {DiaHalu: {A} Dialogue-level Hallucination Evaluation Benchmark for
                  Large Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2403.00896},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2403-04111,
  author       = {Yejin Jeon and
                  Gary Geunbae Lee},
  title        = {Multi-Level Attention Aggregation for Language-Agnostic Speaker Replication},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2403.04111},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2403-04696,
  author       = {Ekaterina Fadeeva and
                  Aleksandr Rubashevskii and
                  Artem Shelmanov and
                  Sergey Petrakov and
                  Haonan Li and
                  Hamdy Mubarak and
                  Evgenii Tsymbalov and
                  Gleb Kuzmin and
                  Alexander Panchenko and
                  Timothy Baldwin and
                  Preslav Nakov and
                  Maxim Panov},
  title        = {Fact-Checking the Output of Large Language Models via Token-Level
                  Uncertainty Quantification},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2403.04696},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2403-09708,
  author       = {Michael Shapiro and
                  Herut Dor and
                  Anna Gurevich{-}Shapiro and
                  Tal Etan and
                  Ido Wolf},
  title        = {Institutional-Level Monitoring of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor IrAEs
                  Using a Novel Natural Language Processing Algorithmic Pipeline},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2403.09708},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2403-10086,
  author       = {Denis Schwachhofer and
                  Peter Domanski and
                  Steffen Becker and
                  Stefan Wagner and
                  Matthias Sauer and
                  Dirk Pfl{\"{u}}ger and
                  Ilia Polian},
  title        = {Large Language Models to Generate System-Level Test Programs Targeting
                  Non-functional Properties},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2403.10086},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2403-10275,
  author       = {J{\'{e}}r{\'{e}}mie Bogaert and
                  Fran{\c{c}}ois{-}Xavier Standaert},
  title        = {A Question on the Explainability of Large Language Models and the
                  Word-Level Univariate First-Order Plausibility Assumption},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2403.10275},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2403-11621,
  author       = {Haoyun Xu and
                  Runzhe Zhan and
                  Derek F. Wong and
                  Lidia S. Chao},
  title        = {Let's Focus on Neuron: Neuron-Level Supervised Fine-tuning for Large
                  Language Model},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2403.11621},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2403-13801,
  author       = {Yusuke Mikami and
                  Andrew Melnik and
                  Jun Miura and
                  Ville Hautam{\"{a}}ki},
  title        = {Natural Language as Polices: Reasoning for Coordinate-Level Embodied
                  Control with LLMs},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2403.13801},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2403-14459,
  author       = {Lucas Monteiro Paes and
                  Dennis Wei and
                  Hyo Jin Do and
                  Hendrik Strobelt and
                  Ronny Luss and
                  Amit Dhurandhar and
                  Manish Nagireddy and
                  Karthikeyan Natesan Ramamurthy and
                  Prasanna Sattigeri and
                  Werner Geyer and
                  Soumya Ghosh},
  title        = {Multi-Level Explanations for Generative Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2403.14459},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2403-14551,
  author       = {Chengxu Zhuang and
                  Evelina Fedorenko and
                  Jacob Andreas},
  title        = {Lexicon-Level Contrastive Visual-Grounding Improves Language Modeling},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2403.14551},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2403-14888,
  author       = {Lilong Xue and
                  Dan Zhang and
                  Yuxiao Dong and
                  Jie Tang},
  title        = {AutoRE: Document-Level Relation Extraction with Large Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2403.14888},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2403-15482,
  author       = {Alicja Chaszczewicz and
                  Raj Sanjay Shah and
                  Ryan Louie and
                  Bruce A Arnow and
                  Robert E. Kraut and
                  Diyi Yang},
  title        = {Multi-Level Feedback Generation with Large Language Models for Empowering
                  Novice Peer Counselors},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2403.15482},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2403-18679,
  author       = {Ben Arie Tanay and
                  Lexy Arinze and
                  Siddhant Sanjay Joshi and
                  Kirsten A. Davis and
                  James C. Davis},
  title        = {An Exploratory Study on Upper-Level Computing Students' Use of Large
                  Language Models as Tools in a Semester-Long Project},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2403.18679},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2403-18760,
  author       = {Yike Wu and
                  Jiatao Zhang and
                  Nan Hu and
                  LanLing Tang and
                  Guilin Qi and
                  Jun Shao and
                  Jie Ren and
                  Wei Song},
  title        = {{MLDT:} Multi-Level Decomposition for Complex Long-Horizon Robotic
                  Task Planning with Open-Source Large Language Model},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2403.18760},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2404-00264,
  author       = {Aru Maekawa and
                  Satoshi Kosugi and
                  Kotaro Funakoshi and
                  Manabu Okumura},
  title        = {DiLM: Distilling Dataset into Language Model for Text-level Dataset
                  Distillation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2404.00264},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2404-01337,
  author       = {Silvia Garc{\'{\i}}a{-}M{\'{e}}ndez and
                  Francisco de Arriba P{\'{e}}rez and
                  Ana Barros{-}Vila and
                  Francisco J. Gonz{\'{a}}lez{-}Casta{\~{n}}o},
  title        = {Detection of Temporality at Discourse Level on Financial News by Combining
                  Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2404.01337},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2404-01994,
  author       = {Mengfei Du and
                  Binhao Wu and
                  Jiwen Zhang and
                  Zhihao Fan and
                  Zejun Li and
                  Ruipu Luo and
                  Xuanjing Huang and
                  Zhongyu Wei},
  title        = {{DELAN:} Dual-Level Alignment for Vision-and-Language Navigation by
                  Cross-Modal Contrastive Learning},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2404.01994},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2404-05337,
  author       = {Chenxu Wang and
                  Bin Dai and
                  Huaping Liu and
                  Baoyuan Wang},
  title        = {Towards Objectively Benchmarking Social Intelligence for Language
                  Agents at Action Level},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2404.05337},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2404-05825,
  author       = {Mingrui Wu and
                  Sheng Cao},
  title        = {LLM-Augmented Retrieval: Enhancing Retrieval Models Through Language
                  Models and Doc-Level Embedding},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2404.05825},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2404-06311,
  author       = {Shen Gao and
                  Yifan Wang and
                  Jiabao Fang and
                  Lisi Chen and
                  Peng Han and
                  Shuo Shang},
  title        = {{DRE:} Generating Recommendation Explanations by Aligning Large Language
                  Models at Data-level},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2404.06311},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2404-06911,
  author       = {Shuzhou Yuan and
                  Michael F{\"{a}}rber},
  title        = {GraSAME: Injecting Token-Level Structural Information to Pretrained
                  Language Models via Graph-guided Self-Attention Mechanism},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2404.06911},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2404-07717,
  author       = {Masashi Osada and
                  Gustavo Alfonso Garcia Ricardez and
                  Yosuke Suzuki and
                  Tadahiro Taniguchi},
  title        = {Reflectance Estimation for Proximity Sensing by Vision-Language Models:
                  Utilizing Distributional Semantics for Low-Level Cognition in Robotics},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2404.07717},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2404-08491,
  author       = {Haozhe Zhao and
                  Zefan Cai and
                  Shuzheng Si and
                  Liang Chen and
                  Yufeng He and
                  Kaikai An and
                  Baobao Chang},
  title        = {Mitigating Language-Level Performance Disparity in mPLMs via Teacher
                  Language Selection and Cross-lingual Self-Distillation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2404.08491},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2404-08540,
  author       = {Agneet Chatterjee and
                  Tejas Gokhale and
                  Chitta Baral and
                  Yezhou Yang},
  title        = {On the Robustness of Language Guidance for Low-Level Vision Tasks:
                  Findings from Depth Estimation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2404.08540},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2404-10136,
  author       = {Neha Gupta and
                  Harikrishna Narasimhan and
                  Wittawat Jitkrittum and
                  Ankit Singh Rawat and
                  Aditya Krishna Menon and
                  Sanjiv Kumar},
  title        = {Language Model Cascades: Token-level uncertainty and beyond},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2404.10136},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2405-00715,
  author       = {Hanyin Wang and
                  Chufan Gao and
                  Bolun Liu and
                  Qiping Xu and
                  Guleid Hussein and
                  Mohamad El Labban and
                  Kingsley Iheasirim and
                  Hariprasad Korsapati and
                  Chuck Outcalt and
                  Jimeng Sun},
  title        = {Adapting Open-Source Large Language Models for Cost-Effective, Expert-Level
                  Clinical Note Generation with On-Policy Reinforcement Learning},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2405.00715},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2405-01573,
  author       = {Ajinkya Pankaj Deshpande and
                  Anmol Agarwal and
                  Shashank Shet and
                  Arun Iyer and
                  Aditya Kanade and
                  Ramakrishna Bairi and
                  Suresh Parthasarathy},
  title        = {Class-Level Code Generation from Natural Language Using Iterative,
                  Tool-Enhanced Reasoning over Repository},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2405.01573},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2405-01581,
  author       = {Nele K{\"{o}}hler and
                  Fabian Neuhaus},
  title        = {The Mercurial Top-Level Ontology of Large Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2405.01581},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2405-06643,
  author       = {Yu Huang},
  title        = {Levels of {AI} Agents: from Rules to Large Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2405.06643},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2405-10625,
  author       = {Jiayun Pang and
                  Ivan Vulic},
  title        = {Specialising and Analysing Instruction-Tuned and Byte-Level Language
                  Models for Organic Reaction Prediction},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2405.10625},
  year         = {2024}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/access/OhPKPK23,
  author       = {Myung Gyo Oh and
                  Leo Hyun Park and
                  Jaeuk Kim and
                  Jaewoo Park and
                  Taekyoung Kwon},
  title        = {Membership Inference Attacks With Token-Level Deduplication on Korean
                  Language Models},
  journal      = {{IEEE} Access},
  volume       = {11},
  pages        = {10207--10217},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/apin/TangZYC23,
  author       = {Yuhao Tang and
                  Liyan Zhang and
                  Ye Yuan and
                  Zhixian Chen},
  title        = {Improving fashion captioning via attribute-based alignment and multi-level
                  language model},
  journal      = {Appl. Intell.},
  volume       = {53},
  number       = {24},
  pages        = {30803--30821},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/cbm/TanHD23,
  author       = {Jiajie Tan and
                  Jinlong Hu and
                  Shoubin Dong},
  title        = {Incorporating entity-level knowledge in pretrained language model
                  for biomedical dense retrieval},
  journal      = {Comput. Biol. Medicine},
  volume       = {166},
  pages        = {107535},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/cp/ChangHZWW23,
  author       = {Xin Chang and
                  Xue{-}yi Huang and
                  Xin{-}zhe Zou and
                  Peijuan Wang and
                  Pei Wang},
  title        = {The effects of cross-linguistic similarity on phrase-level language
                  switching: evidence from high-proficient Chinese-English bilinguals},
  journal      = {Cogn. Process.},
  volume       = {24},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {415--424},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/displays/BoukdirBMKA23,
  author       = {Abdelbasset Boukdir and
                  Mohamed Benaddy and
                  Othmane El Meslouhi and
                  Mustapha Kardouchi and
                  Moulay Akhloufi},
  title        = {Character-level arabic text generation from sign language video using
                  encoder-decoder model},
  journal      = {Displays},
  volume       = {76},
  pages        = {102340},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/dt/GuerreroBalagueraCR23,
  author       = {Juan{-}David Guerrero{-}Balaguera and
                  Josie E. Rodriguez Condia and
                  Matteo Sonza Reorda},
  title        = {STLs for GPUs: Using High-Level Language Approaches},
  journal      = {{IEEE} Des. Test},
  volume       = {40},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {51--60},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/eait/BiBI23,
  author       = {Jingxuan Bi and
                  Hossein Bigdeli and
                  Siros Izadpanah},
  title        = {The Effect of the flipped classroom on reflective thinking, academic
                  self-efficacy, and achievement motivation in language learners in
                  intermediate level},
  journal      = {Educ. Inf. Technol.},
  volume       = {28},
  number       = {9},
  pages        = {11589--11613},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/hij/LinZWLGHYTEBDF23,
  author       = {Eric Lin and
                  Robert Zwolinski and
                  Julie Tsu{-}Yu Wu and
                  Jennifer La and
                  Sergey Goryachev and
                  Linden B. Huhmann and
                  Cenk Yildirim and
                  David P. Tuck and
                  Danne C. Elbers and
                  Mary T. Brophy and
                  Nhan V. Do and
                  Nathanael R. Fillmore},
  title        = {Machine learning-based natural language processing to extract {PD-L1}
                  expression levels from clinical notes},
  journal      = {Health Informatics J.},
  volume       = {29},
  number       = {3},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ijec/RajendranRGAMJ23,
  author       = {Sukumar Rajendran and
                  Kiruba Thangam Raja and
                  Nagarajan G. and
                  Stephen Dass A. and
                  Sandeep Kumar Mathivanan and
                  Prabhu Jayagopal},
  title        = {Deep Learning Speech Synthesis Model for Word/Character-Level Recognition
                  in the Tamil Language},
  journal      = {Int. J. e Collab.},
  volume       = {19},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {1--14},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ijim/Byrne23,
  author       = {Jason Richard Byrne},
  title        = {Determinant of Optimal and Inhibited Mobile Language Learning Activity:
                  Quiz Level Length},
  journal      = {Int. J. Interact. Mob. Technol.},
  volume       = {17},
  number       = {10},
  pages        = {47--68},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/isf/ZhouTZ23,
  author       = {Lina Zhou and
                  Jie Tao and
                  Dongsong Zhang},
  title        = {Does Fake News in Different Languages Tell the Same Story? An Analysis
                  of Multi-level Thematic and Emotional Characteristics of News about
                  {COVID-19}},
  journal      = {Inf. Syst. Frontiers},
  volume       = {25},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {493--512},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jaihc/MadasamyP23,
  author       = {Anand Kumar Madasamy and
                  Soman Kotti Padannayil},
  title        = {Transfer learning based code-mixed part-of-speech tagging using character
                  level representations for Indian languages},
  journal      = {J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput.},
  volume       = {14},
  number       = {6},
  pages        = {7207--7218},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jip/LiuLO23,
  author       = {Ao Liu and
                  Congjian Luo and
                  Naoaki Okazaki},
  title        = {Improving Logical-level Natural Language Generation with Topic-conditioned
                  Data Augmentation and Logical Form Generation},
  journal      = {J. Inf. Process.},
  volume       = {31},
  pages        = {332--343},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/kbs/LopesCSGRA23,
  author       = {Alcides Lopes and
                  Joel Luis Carbonera and
                  Daniela Schmidt and
                  Luan Fonseca Garcia and
                  Fabr{\'{\i}}cio Henrique Rodrigues and
                  Mara Abel},
  title        = {Using terms and informal definitions to classify domain entities into
                  top-level ontology concepts: An approach based on language models},
  journal      = {Knowl. Based Syst.},
  volume       = {265},
  pages        = {110385},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/mta/AltafAJB23,
  author       = {Amna Altaf and
                  Muhammad Waqas Anwar and
                  Muhammad Hasan Jamal and
                  Usama Ijaz Bajwa},
  title        = {Exploiting Linguistic Features for Effective Sentence-Level Sentiment
                  Analysis in Urdu Language},
  journal      = {Multim. Tools Appl.},
  volume       = {82},
  number       = {27},
  pages        = {41813--41839},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/natmi/WangKNTW23,
  author       = {Aria Y. Wang and
                  Kendrick N. Kay and
                  Thomas Naselaris and
                  Michael J. Tarr and
                  Leila Wehbe},
  title        = {Better models of human high-level visual cortex emerge from natural
                  language supervision with a large and diverse dataset},
  journal      = {Nat. Mac. Intell.},
  volume       = {5},
  number       = {12},
  pages        = {1415--1426},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/nca/MaWZY23,
  author       = {Xiang Ma and
                  Qiang Wang and
                  Tianyou Zheng and
                  Lin Yuan},
  title        = {A shapelet-based framework for large-scale word-level sign language
                  database auto-construction},
  journal      = {Neural Comput. Appl.},
  volume       = {35},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {253--274},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/pami/GonzalezAHPA23,
  author       = {Cristina Gonz{\'{a}}lez and
                  Nicol{\'{a}}s Ayobi and
                  Isabela Hern{\'{a}}ndez and
                  Jordi Pont{-}Tuset and
                  Pablo Arbel{\'{a}}ez},
  title        = {PiGLET: Pixel-Level Grounding of Language Expressions With Transformers},
  journal      = {{IEEE} Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell.},
  volume       = {45},
  number       = {10},
  pages        = {12206--12221},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/popets/GuKRVM23,
  author       = {Kang Gu and
                  Ehsanul Kabir and
                  Neha Ramsurrun and
                  Soroush Vosoughi and
                  Shagufta Mehnaz},
  title        = {Towards Sentence Level Inference Attack Against Pre-trained Language
                  Models},
  journal      = {Proc. Priv. Enhancing Technol.},
  volume       = {2023},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {62--78},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/sensors/SunQAK23,
  author       = {Yanjun Sun and
                  Yue Qiu and
                  Yoshimitsu Aoki and
                  Hirokatsu Kataoka},
  title        = {Outdoor Vision-and-Language Navigation Needs Object-Level Alignment},
  journal      = {Sensors},
  volume       = {23},
  number       = {13},
  pages        = {6028},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/systems/KlimovaPPCYS23,
  author       = {Blanka Kl{\'{\i}}mov{\'{a}} and
                  Marcel Pikhart and
                  Petra Pol{\'{a}}kov{\'{a}} and
                  Miloslava Cern{\'{a}} and
                  Sule Yildirim Yayilgan and
                  Sarang Shaikh},
  title        = {A Systematic Review on the Use of Emerging Technologies in Teaching
                  English as an Applied Language at the University Level},
  journal      = {Syst.},
  volume       = {11},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {42},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/talip/SharjeelMNNR23,
  author       = {Muhammad Sharjeel and
                  Iqra Muneer and
                  Sumaira Nosheen and
                  Rao Muhammad Adeel Nawab and
                  Paul Rayson},
  title        = {Cross-lingual Text Reuse Detection at Document Level for English-Urdu
                  Language Pair},
  journal      = {{ACM} Trans. Asian Low Resour. Lang. Inf. Process.},
  volume       = {22},
  number       = {6},
  pages        = {173:1--173:22},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/taslp/LiHLLWY23,
  author       = {Shuang Li and
                  Xuming Hu and
                  Li Lin and
                  Aiwei Liu and
                  Lijie Wen and
                  Philip S. Yu},
  title        = {A Multi-Level Supervised Contrastive Learning Framework for Low-Resource
                  Natural Language Inference},
  journal      = {{IEEE} {ACM} Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process.},
  volume       = {31},
  pages        = {1771--1783},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/tcad/MuttakiMKTF23,
  author       = {Md Rafid Muttaki and
                  Roshanak Mohammadivojdan and
                  Hadi Mardani Kamali and
                  Mark M. Tehranipoor and
                  Farimah Farahmandi},
  title        = {HLock+: {A} Robust and Low-Overhead Logic Locking at the High-Level
                  Language},
  journal      = {{IEEE} Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst.},
  volume       = {42},
  number       = {7},
  pages        = {2149--2162},
  year         = {2023}
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@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aaai/LyuLYRRZYR23,
  author       = {Yougang Lyu and
                  Piji Li and
                  Yechang Yang and
                  Maarten de Rijke and
                  Pengjie Ren and
                  Yukun Zhao and
                  Dawei Yin and
                  Zhaochun Ren},
  title        = {Feature-Level Debiased Natural Language Understanding},
  booktitle    = {{AAAI}},
  pages        = {13353--13361},
  publisher    = {{AAAI} Press},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/ChenCZ23,
  author       = {Haotian Chen and
                  Bingsheng Chen and
                  Xiangdong Zhou},
  title        = {Did the Models Understand Documents? Benchmarking Models for Language
                  Understanding in Document-Level Relation Extraction},
  booktitle    = {{ACL} {(1)}},
  pages        = {6418--6435},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/HuangWMP23,
  author       = {Jing Huang and
                  Zhengxuan Wu and
                  Kyle Mahowald and
                  Christopher Potts},
  title        = {Inducing Character-level Structure in Subword-based Language Models
                  with Type-level Interchange Intervention Training},
  booktitle    = {{ACL} (Findings)},
  pages        = {12163--12180},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/MadhavanGWM23,
  author       = {Rahul Madhavan and
                  Rishabh Garg and
                  Kahini Wadhawan and
                  Sameep Mehta},
  title        = {{CFL:} Causally Fair Language Models Through Token-level Attribute
                  Controlled Generation},
  booktitle    = {{ACL} (Findings)},
  pages        = {11344--11358},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/Zhang023,
  author       = {Xu Zhang and
                  Xiaojun Wan},
  title        = {MIL-Decoding: Detoxifying Language Models at Token-Level via Multiple
                  Instance Learning},
  booktitle    = {{ACL} {(1)}},
  pages        = {190--202},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acmidc/PatelC23,
  author       = {Manooshree Patel and
                  Swapneel Chalageri},
  title        = {GlotBot: Hybrid Language Translator for Secondary Level Mathematics
                  Classrooms},
  booktitle    = {{IDC}},
  pages        = {439--443},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/adbis/SteingartnerS23,
  author       = {William Steingartner and
                  Igor Siv{\'{y}}},
  title        = {From High-Level Language to Abstract Machine Code: An Interactive
                  Compiler and Emulation Tool for Teaching Structural Operational Semantics},
  booktitle    = {{ADBIS} (Short Papers)},
  series       = {Communications in Computer and Information Science},
  volume       = {1850},
  pages        = {544--551},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/apsec/XuSSWYK23,
  author       = {Rui Xu and
                  Yuliang Shi and
                  Zhiyuan Su and
                  Xinjun Wang and
                  Zhongmin Yan and
                  Fanyu Kong},
  title        = {Test Case Level Predictive Mutation Testing Combining {PIE} and Natural
                  Language Features},
  booktitle    = {{APSEC}},
  pages        = {21--30},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/apweb/LiuZY23,
  author       = {Ying Liu and
                  Zhongshuai Zhang and
                  Xiaochun Yang},
  title        = {Multi-level Matching of Natural Language-Based Vehicle Retrieval},
  booktitle    = {APWeb/WAIM {(3)}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {14333},
  pages        = {358--372},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/bea/KatinskaiaY23,
  author       = {Anisia Katinskaia and
                  Roman Yangarber},
  title        = {Grammatical Error Correction for Sentence-level Assessment in Language
                  Learning},
  booktitle    = {BEA@ACL},
  pages        = {488--502},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/blackboxnlp/SunH23,
  author       = {Hao Sun and
                  John Hewitt},
  title        = {Character-Level Chinese Backpack Language Models},
  booktitle    = {BlackboxNLP@EMNLP},
  pages        = {106--119},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/caise/Frank023,
  author       = {Ulrich Frank and
                  Tony Clark},
  title        = {Language Engineering for Multi-Level Modeling {(LE4MM):} {A} long-term
                  Project to Promote the Integrated Development of Languages, Models
                  and Code},
  booktitle    = {CAiSE Research Projects Exhibition},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
  volume       = {3413},
  pages        = {97--104},
  publisher    = {CEUR-WS.org},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cf/NetzerM23,
  author       = {Gilbert Netzer and
                  Stefano Markidis},
  title        = {{QHDL:} a Low-Level Circuit Description Language for Quantum Computing},
  booktitle    = {{CF}},
  pages        = {201--204},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cgo/WilkinsWKBSDCAD23,
  author       = {Michael Wilkins and
                  Sam Westrick and
                  Vijay Kandiah and
                  Alex Bernat and
                  Brian Suchy and
                  Enrico Armenio Deiana and
                  Simone Campanoni and
                  Umut A. Acar and
                  Peter A. Dinda and
                  Nikos Hardavellas},
  title        = {WARDen: Specializing Cache Coherence for High-Level Parallel Languages},
  booktitle    = {{CGO}},
  pages        = {122--135},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cig/KumaranCRML23,
  author       = {Vikram Kumaran and
                  Dan Carpenter and
                  Jonathan P. Rowe and
                  Bradford W. Mott and
                  James C. Lester},
  title        = {End-to-End Procedural Level Generation in Educational Games with Natural
                  Language Instruction},
  booktitle    = {CoG},
  pages        = {1--8},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cikm/ChengXZLZ23,
  author       = {Xuxin Cheng and
                  Wanshi Xu and
                  Zhihong Zhu and
                  Hongxiang Li and
                  Yuexian Zou},
  title        = {Towards Spoken Language Understanding via Multi-level Multi-grained
                  Contrastive Learning},
  booktitle    = {{CIKM}},
  pages        = {326--336},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/corl/ZhongR0ICX0R23,
  author       = {Ziyuan Zhong and
                  Davis Rempe and
                  Yuxiao Chen and
                  Boris Ivanovic and
                  Yulong Cao and
                  Danfei Xu and
                  Marco Pavone and
                  Baishakhi Ray},
  title        = {Language-Guided Traffic Simulation via Scene-Level Diffusion},
  booktitle    = {CoRL},
  series       = {Proceedings of Machine Learning Research},
  volume       = {229},
  pages        = {144--177},
  publisher    = {{PMLR}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/dese/AlShabandarJMH23,
  author       = {Raghad Al{-}Shabandar and
                  Ali Jaddoa and
                  A. H. Mohammed and
                  Abir Jaafar Hussain},
  title        = {Intelligent Measuring for a Customer Satisfaction Level Inspired by
                  Transformation Language Model},
  booktitle    = {DeSE},
  pages        = {706--712},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/dls/Rossberg23,
  author       = {Andreas Rossberg},
  title        = {Keeping the asm in Wasm: Running High-Level Languages on a Low-Level
                  {VM} (Invited Talk)},
  booktitle    = {{DLS}},
  pages        = {5},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/dsaa/WangYLWXRX23,
  author       = {Keheng Wang and
                  Chuantao Yin and
                  Rumei Li and
                  Sirui Wang and
                  Yunsen Xian and
                  Wenge Rong and
                  Zhang Xiong},
  title        = {{TOCOL:} Improving Contextual Representation of Pre-trained Language
                  Models via Token-Level Contrastive Learning},
  booktitle    = {{DSAA}},
  pages        = {1--3},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/dsn/AntunesMN23,
  author       = {Paulo Antunes and
                  Ib{\'{e}}ria Medeiros and
                  Nuno Neves},
  title        = {Towards {PHP} Vulnerability Detection at an Intermediate Language
                  Level},
  booktitle    = {{DSN-S}},
  pages        = {182--184},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/eacl/CognettaMWO23,
  author       = {Marco Cognetta and
                  Sangwhan Moon and
                  Lawrence Wolf{-}Sonkin and
                  Naoaki Okazaki},
  title        = {Parameter-Efficient Korean Character-Level Language Modeling},
  booktitle    = {{EACL}},
  pages        = {2342--2348},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/ChengQCFWCRGZSZ23,
  author       = {Cheng Jiayang and
                  Lin Qiu and
                  Tsz Ho Chan and
                  Tianqing Fang and
                  Weiqi Wang and
                  Chunkit Chan and
                  Dongyu Ru and
                  Qipeng Guo and
                  Hongming Zhang and
                  Yangqiu Song and
                  Yue Zhang and
                  Zheng Zhang},
  title        = {StoryAnalogy: Deriving Story-level Analogies from Large Language Models
                  to Unlock Analogical Understanding},
  booktitle    = {{EMNLP}},
  pages        = {11518--11537},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/DuTLC0J23,
  author       = {Chunhui Du and
                  Jidong Tian and
                  Haoran Liao and
                  Jindou Chen and
                  Hao He and
                  Yaohui Jin},
  title        = {Task-Level Thinking Steps Help Large Language Models for Challenging
                  Classification Task},
  booktitle    = {{EMNLP}},
  pages        = {2454--2470},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/HeW0LCGMH23,
  author       = {Zexue He and
                  Yu Wang and
                  An Yan and
                  Yao Liu and
                  Eric Y. Chang and
                  Amilcare Gentili and
                  Julian J. McAuley and
                  Chun{-}Nan Hsu},
  title        = {MedEval: {A} Multi-Level, Multi-Task, and Multi-Domain Medical Benchmark
                  for Language Model Evaluation},
  booktitle    = {{EMNLP}},
  pages        = {8725--8744},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/LiJZ23,
  author       = {Junpeng Li and
                  Zixia Jia and
                  Zilong Zheng},
  title        = {Semi-automatic Data Enhancement for Document-Level Relation Extraction
                  with Distant Supervision from Large Language Models},
  booktitle    = {{EMNLP}},
  pages        = {5495--5505},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/ShenCNYB23,
  author       = {Chenhui Shen and
                  Liying Cheng and
                  Xuan{-}Phi Nguyen and
                  Yang You and
                  Lidong Bing},
  title        = {Large Language Models are Not Yet Human-Level Evaluators for Abstractive
                  Summarization},
  booktitle    = {{EMNLP} (Findings)},
  pages        = {4215--4233},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/WangLJZY0T23,
  author       = {Longyue Wang and
                  Chenyang Lyu and
                  Tianbo Ji and
                  Zhirui Zhang and
                  Dian Yu and
                  Shuming Shi and
                  Zhaopeng Tu},
  title        = {Document-Level Machine Translation with Large Language Models},
  booktitle    = {{EMNLP}},
  pages        = {16646--16661},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/esann/PhamCA23,
  author       = {Dinh Nam Pham and
                  Vera Czehmann and
                  Eleftherios Avramidis},
  title        = {Disambiguating Signs: Deep Learning-based Gloss-level Classification
                  for German Sign Language by Utilizing Mouth Actions},
  booktitle    = {{ESANN}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ets/AbdelazizGF23,
  author       = {Khaled Galal Abdelwahab Abdelaziz and
                  Ralph G{\"{o}}rgen and
                  G{\"{o}}rschwin Fey},
  title        = {FINaL: Driving High-Level Fault Injection Campaigns with Natural Language},
  booktitle    = {{ETS}},
  pages        = {1--4},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/eurosys/WangCTG23,
  author       = {Yiding Wang and
                  Kai Chen and
                  Haisheng Tan and
                  Kun Guo},
  title        = {Tabi: An Efficient Multi-Level Inference System for Large Language
                  Models},
  booktitle    = {EuroSys},
  pages        = {233--248},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fdg/ToddENGT23,
  author       = {Graham Todd and
                  Sam Earle and
                  Muhammad Umair Nasir and
                  Michael Cerny Green and
                  Julian Togelius},
  title        = {Level Generation Through Large Language Models},
  booktitle    = {{FDG}},
  pages        = {70:1--70:8},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fire/Bestgen23,
  author       = {Yves Bestgen},
  title        = {Using Character Ngrams for Word-Level Language Identification in Trilingual
                  Code-Mixed Data (and Even More)},
  booktitle    = {{FIRE} (Working Notes)},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
  volume       = {3681},
  pages        = {191--197},
  publisher    = {CEUR-WS.org},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fire/FetouhN23,
  author       = {Ahmed M. Fetouh and
                  Hamada Nayel},
  title        = {{BFCAI} at CoLI-Tunglish@FIRE 2023: Machine Learning Based Model for
                  Word-level Language Identification in Code-mixed Tulu Texts},
  booktitle    = {{FIRE} (Working Notes)},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
  volume       = {3681},
  pages        = {205--212},
  publisher    = {CEUR-WS.org},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fire/HegdeBCLNB23,
  author       = {Asha Hegde and
                  Fazlourrahman Balouchzahi and
                  Sharal Coelho and
                  Shashirekha H. L and
                  Hamada A. Nayel and
                  Sabur Butt},
  title        = {CoLI@FIRE2023: Findings of Word-level Language Identification in Code-mixed
                  Tulu Text},
  booktitle    = {{FIRE}},
  pages        = {25--26},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fire/HegdeBCSNB23,
  author       = {Asha Hegde and
                  Fazlourrahman Balouchzahi and
                  Sharal Coelho and
                  H. L. Shashirekha and
                  Hamada A. Nayel and
                  Sabur Butt},
  title        = {Overview of CoLI-Tunglish: Word-level Language Identification in Code-mixed
                  Tulu Text at {FIRE} 2023},
  booktitle    = {{FIRE} (Working Notes)},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
  volume       = {3681},
  pages        = {179--190},
  publisher    = {CEUR-WS.org},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fire/MaityDS23,
  author       = {Subhankar Maity and
                  Aniket Deroy and
                  Sudeshna Sarkar},
  title        = {Harnessing the Power of Prompt-based Techniques for Generating School-Level
                  Questions using Large Language Models},
  booktitle    = {{FIRE}},
  pages        = {30--39},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fire/NHS23,
  author       = {Sushma N and
                  Asha Hegde and
                  Hosahalli Lakshmaiah Shashirekha},
  title        = {Word-level Language Identification in Code-mixed Tulu Texts},
  booktitle    = {{FIRE} (Working Notes)},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
  volume       = {3681},
  pages        = {213--222},
  publisher    = {CEUR-WS.org},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fire/Shetty23,
  author       = {Poorvi Shetty},
  title        = {Word-Level Language Identification of Code-Mixed Tulu-English Data},
  booktitle    = {{FIRE} (Working Notes)},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
  volume       = {3681},
  pages        = {198--204},
  publisher    = {CEUR-WS.org},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/flairs/GomesCF23,
  author       = {Gabriel Gomes and
                  Ulisses Brisolara Corr{\^{e}}a and
                  Larissa A. de Freitas},
  title        = {{GABSA-PT:} Graph Neural Networks for Aspect-level Sentiment Analysis
                  in Portuguese Language},
  booktitle    = {{FLAIRS}},
  publisher    = {{AAAI} Press},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icassp/FuYZYHSC23,
  author       = {Biao Fu and
                  Peigen Ye and
                  Liang Zhang and
                  Pei Yu and
                  Cong Hu and
                  Xiaodong Shi and
                  Yidong Chen},
  title        = {A Token-Level Contrastive Framework for Sign Language Translation},
  booktitle    = {{ICASSP}},
  pages        = {1--5},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icassp/HsuCLT23,
  author       = {Chan{-}Jan Hsu and
                  Ho{-}Lam Chung and
                  Hung{-}Yi Lee and
                  Yu Tsao},
  title        = {T5lephone: Bridging Speech and Text Self-Supervised Models for Spoken
                  Language Understanding Via Phoneme Level {T5}},
  booktitle    = {{ICASSP}},
  pages        = {1--5},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icassp/LiuXGKHK23,
  author       = {Hexin Liu and
                  Haihua Xu and
                  Leibny Paola Garc{\'{\i}}a and
                  Andy W. H. Khong and
                  Yi He and
                  Sanjeev Khudanpur},
  title        = {Reducing Language Confusion for Code-Switching Speech Recognition
                  with Token-Level Language Diarization},
  booktitle    = {{ICASSP}},
  pages        = {1--5},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icccnt/BaruahGPG23,
  author       = {Nomi Baruah and
                  Arjun Gogoi and
                  Rituraj Phukan and
                  Pritom Jyoti Goutom},
  title        = {Hate Speech Detection for a low level language (Assamese)},
  booktitle    = {{ICCCNT}},
  pages        = {1--6},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icccnt/SamsAR23,
  author       = {Ataher Sams and
                  Ahsan Habib Akash and
                  S. M. Mahbubur Rahman},
  title        = {SignBD-Word: Video-Based Bangla Word-Level Sign Language and Pose
                  Translation},
  booktitle    = {{ICCCNT}},
  pages        = {1--7},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/iccv/BiCYPZYWSDZ23,
  author       = {Junyu Bi and
                  Daixuan Cheng and
                  Ping Yao and
                  Bochen Pang and
                  Yuefeng Zhan and
                  Chuanguang Yang and
                  Yujing Wang and
                  Hao Sun and
                  Weiwei Deng and
                  Qi Zhang},
  title        = {VL-Match: Enhancing Vision-Language Pretraining with Token-Level and
                  Instance-Level Matching},
  booktitle    = {{ICCV}},
  pages        = {2584--2593},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/iccv/LuWWGGZ23,
  author       = {Dong Lu and
                  Zhiqiang Wang and
                  Teng Wang and
                  Weili Guan and
                  Hongchang Gao and
                  Feng Zheng},
  title        = {Set-level Guidance Attack: Boosting Adversarial Transferability of
                  Vision-Language Pre-training Models},
  booktitle    = {{ICCV}},
  pages        = {102--111},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icfem/MaFWLMGM23,
  author       = {Zhongkui Ma and
                  Xinguo Feng and
                  Zihan Wang and
                  Shuofeng Liu and
                  Mengyao Ma and
                  Hao Guan and
                  Mark Huasong Meng},
  title        = {Formalizing Robustness Against Character-Level Perturbations for Neural
                  Network Language Models},
  booktitle    = {{ICFEM}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {14308},
  pages        = {100--117},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/iclr/ZhouMHPPCB23,
  author       = {Yongchao Zhou and
                  Andrei Ioan Muresanu and
                  Ziwen Han and
                  Keiran Paster and
                  Silviu Pitis and
                  Harris Chan and
                  Jimmy Ba},
  title        = {Large Language Models are Human-Level Prompt Engineers},
  booktitle    = {{ICLR}},
  publisher    = {OpenReview.net},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icml/ShrivastavaLT23,
  author       = {Disha Shrivastava and
                  Hugo Larochelle and
                  Daniel Tarlow},
  title        = {Repository-Level Prompt Generation for Large Language Models of Code},
  booktitle    = {{ICML}},
  series       = {Proceedings of Machine Learning Research},
  volume       = {202},
  pages        = {31693--31715},
  publisher    = {{PMLR}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icsca/NakanishiOTY23,
  author       = {Tsuneo Nakanishi and
                  Hokuto Ototake and
                  Toshifumi Tanabe and
                  Kenji Yoshimura},
  title        = {Morfawk.ja: {A} Japanese Token Level Pattern Matching and Processing
                  Language with Dependency Analysis},
  booktitle    = {{ICSCA}},
  pages        = {335--341},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/iit/Memon23,
  author       = {Noore Memon},
  title        = {Sentence Level Language Identification in Code-mix Gujarati Language
                  with Transformers},
  booktitle    = {{IIT}},
  pages        = {218--221},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/inlg/BehzadZS23,
  author       = {Shabnam Behzad and
                  Amir Zeldes and
                  Nathan Schneider},
  title        = {Sentence-level Feedback Generation for English Language Learners:
                  Does Data Augmentation Help?},
  booktitle    = {{INLG} (Generation Challenges)},
  pages        = {53--59},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/interspeech/CappellazzoYFB23,
  author       = {Umberto Cappellazzo and
                  Muqiao Yang and
                  Daniele Falavigna and
                  Alessio Brutti},
  title        = {Sequence-Level Knowledge Distillation for Class-Incremental End-to-End
                  Spoken Language Understanding},
  booktitle    = {{INTERSPEECH}},
  pages        = {2953--2957},
  publisher    = {{ISCA}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/interspeech/SunderF0KK23,
  author       = {Vishal Sunder and
                  Eric Fosler{-}Lussier and
                  Samuel Thomas and
                  Hong{-}Kwang Jeff Kuo and
                  Brian Kingsbury},
  title        = {ConvKT: Conversation-Level Knowledge Transfer for Context Aware End-to-End
                  Spoken Language Understanding},
  booktitle    = {{INTERSPEECH}},
  pages        = {1129--1133},
  publisher    = {{ISCA}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/interspeech/WeldHLPH23,
  author       = {Henry Weld and
                  Sijia Hu and
                  Siqu Long and
                  Josiah Poon and
                  Soyeon Caren Han},
  title        = {Tri-level Joint Natural Language Understanding for Multi-turn Conversational
                  Datasets},
  booktitle    = {{INTERSPEECH}},
  pages        = {700--704},
  publisher    = {{ISCA}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/mwe/SwaminathanC23,
  author       = {Raghuraman Swaminathan and
                  Paul Cook},
  title        = {Token-level Identification of Multiword Expressions using Pre-trained
                  Multilingual Language Models},
  booktitle    = {MWE@EACL},
  pages        = {1--6},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/nips/ChangWZ00S23,
  author       = {Zheng Chang and
                  Shuchen Weng and
                  Peixuan Zhang and
                  Yu Li and
                  Si Li and
                  Boxin Shi},
  title        = {{L-CAD:} Language-based Colorization with Any-level Descriptions using
                  Diffusion Priors},
  booktitle    = {NeurIPS},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/nips/ChenDS23,
  author       = {Angelica Chen and
                  David Dohan and
                  David R. So},
  title        = {EvoPrompting: Language Models for Code-Level Neural Architecture Search},
  booktitle    = {NeurIPS},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/nips/LiHRMM23,
  author       = {Yinghao Aaron Li and
                  Cong Han and
                  Vinay S. Raghavan and
                  Gavin Mischler and
                  Nima Mesgarani},
  title        = {StyleTTS 2: Towards Human-Level Text-to-Speech through Style Diffusion
                  and Adversarial Training with Large Speech Language Models},
  booktitle    = {NeurIPS},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/nips/LiSCLZ23,
  author       = {Hongxin Li and
                  Jingran Su and
                  Yuntao Chen and
                  Qing Li and
                  Zhaoxiang Zhang},
  title        = {SheetCopilot: Bringing Software Productivity to the Next Level through
                  Large Language Models},
  booktitle    = {NeurIPS},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/nips/QuLFWS23,
  author       = {Linhao Qu and
                  Xiaoyuan Luo and
                  Kexue Fu and
                  Manning Wang and
                  Zhijian Song},
  title        = {The Rise of {AI} Language Pathologists: Exploring Two-level Prompt
                  Learning for Few-shot Weakly-supervised Whole Slide Image Classification},
  booktitle    = {NeurIPS},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/nips/SilvaWLL23,
  author       = {Dadallage A. R. Silva and
                  Spencer Whitehead and
                  Christopher T. Lengerich and
                  Hugh Leather},
  title        = {CoLLAT: On Adding Fine-grained Audio Understanding to Language Models
                  using Token-Level Locked-Language Tuning},
  booktitle    = {NeurIPS},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/nips/YangZXFXZ23,
  author       = {Shentao Yang and
                  Shujian Zhang and
                  Congying Xia and
                  Yihao Feng and
                  Caiming Xiong and
                  Mingyuan Zhou},
  title        = {Preference-grounded Token-level Guidance for Language Model Fine-tuning},
  booktitle    = {NeurIPS},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/pldi/LisperK23,
  author       = {Bj{\"{o}}rn Lisper and
                  Linus K{\"{a}}llberg},
  title        = {{HERO-ML:} {A} Very High-Level Array Language for Executable Modelling
                  of Data Parallel Algorithms},
  booktitle    = {ARRAY@PLDI},
  pages        = {13--21},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ro-man/NanwaniAJPMMJHGK23,
  author       = {Laksh Nanwani and
                  Anmol Agarwal and
                  Kanishk Jain and
                  Raghav Prabhakar and
                  Aaron Monis and
                  Aditya Mathur and
                  Krishna Murthy Jatavallabhula and
                  A. H. Abdul Hafez and
                  Vineet Gandhi and
                  K. Madhava Krishna},
  title        = {Instance-Level Semantic Maps for Vision Language Navigation},
  booktitle    = {{RO-MAN}},
  pages        = {507--512},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/sc/IsaevMDV23,
  author       = {Mikhail Isaev and
                  Nic McDonald and
                  Larry Dennison and
                  Richard W. Vuduc},
  title        = {Calculon: a methodology and tool for high-level co-design of systems
                  and large language models},
  booktitle    = {{SC}},
  pages        = {71:1--71:14},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/sigdial/NguyenZLY23,
  author       = {Hoang H. Nguyen and
                  Chenwei Zhang and
                  Ye Liu and
                  Philip S. Yu},
  title        = {Slot Induction via Pre-trained Language Model Probing and Multi-level
                  Contrastive Learning},
  booktitle    = {{SIGDIAL}},
  pages        = {470--481},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/smc/YuanZWHXZL23,
  author       = {Zhengqing Yuan and
                  Xiaolong Zhang and
                  Yue Wang and
                  Xuecong Hou and
                  Huiwen Xue and
                  Zhuanzhe Zhao and
                  Yongming Liu},
  title        = {{RPN:} {A} Word Vector Level Data Augmentation Algorithm in Deep Learning
                  for Language Understanding},
  booktitle    = {{SMC}},
  pages        = {584--590},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/splc/SundermannVTFAR23,
  author       = {Chico Sundermann and
                  Stefan Vill and
                  Thomas Th{\"{u}}m and
                  Kevin Feichtinger and
                  Prankur Agarwal and
                  Rick Rabiser and
                  Jos{\'{e}} A. Galindo and
                  David Benavides},
  title        = {UVLParser: Extending {UVL} with Language Levels and Conversion Strategies},
  booktitle    = {{SPLC} {(B)}},
  pages        = {39--42},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/techdebt/Sheikhaei023,
  author       = {Mohammad Sadegh Sheikhaei and
                  Yuan Tian},
  title        = {Automated Self-Admitted Technical Debt Tracking at Commit-Level: {A}
                  Language-independent Approach},
  booktitle    = {TechDebt@ICSE},
  pages        = {22--26},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/vardial/SrivastavaC23,
  author       = {Aarohi Srivastava and
                  David Chiang},
  title        = {Fine-Tuning {BERT} with Character-Level Noise for Zero-Shot Transfer
                  to Dialects and Closely-Related Languages},
  booktitle    = {VarDial@EACL},
  pages        = {152--162},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/wmt/KarpinskaI23,
  author       = {Marzena Karpinska and
                  Mohit Iyyer},
  title        = {Large Language Models Effectively Leverage Document-level Context
                  for Literary Translation, but Critical Errors Persist},
  booktitle    = {{WMT}},
  pages        = {419--451},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/wmt/PetrickHPKN23,
  author       = {Frithjof Petrick and
                  Christian Herold and
                  Pavel Petrushkov and
                  Shahram Khadivi and
                  Hermann Ney},
  title        = {Document-Level Language Models for Machine Translation},
  booktitle    = {{WMT}},
  pages        = {375--391},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2023}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/wmt/WuH23,
  author       = {Yangjian Wu and
                  Gang Hu},
  title        = {Exploring Prompt Engineering with {GPT} Language Models for Document-Level
                  Machine Translation: Insights and Findings},
  booktitle    = {{WMT}},
  pages        = {166--169},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2301-03136,
  author       = {Guijin Son and
                  Hanwool Lee and
                  Nahyeon Kang and
                  Moonjeong Hahm},
  title        = {Removing Non-Stationary Knowledge From Pre-Trained Language Models
                  for Entity-Level Sentiment Classification in Finance},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2301.03136},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2302-05817,
  author       = {Graham Todd and
                  Sam Earle and
                  Muhammad Umair Nasir and
                  Michael Cerny Green and
                  Julian Togelius},
  title        = {Level Generation Through Large Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2302.05817},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2302-07856,
  author       = {Marjan Ghazvininejad and
                  Hila Gonen and
                  Luke Zettlemoyer},
  title        = {Dictionary-based Phrase-level Prompting of Large Language Models for
                  Machine Translation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2302.07856},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2302-14838,
  author       = {Angelica Chen and
                  David M. Dohan and
                  David R. So},
  title        = {EvoPrompting: Language Models for Code-Level Neural Architecture Search},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2302.14838},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2303-01396,
  author       = {Zongtao He and
                  Liuyi Wang and
                  Shu Li and
                  Qingqing Yan and
                  Chengju Liu and
                  Qijun Chen},
  title        = {MLANet: Multi-Level Attention Network with Sub-instruction for Continuous
                  Vision-and-Language Navigation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2303.01396},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2303-17683,
  author       = {Aarohi Srivastava and
                  David Chiang},
  title        = {Fine-Tuning {BERT} with Character-Level Noise for Zero-Shot Transfer
                  to Dialects and Closely-Related Languages},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2303.17683},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2304-02210,
  author       = {Longyue Wang and
                  Chenyang Lyu and
                  Tianbo Ji and
                  Zhirui Zhang and
                  Dian Yu and
                  Shuming Shi and
                  Zhaopeng Tu},
  title        = {Document-Level Machine Translation with Large Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2304.02210},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2304-03245,
  author       = {Marzena Karpinska and
                  Mohit Iyyer},
  title        = {Large language models effectively leverage document-level context
                  for literary translation, but critical errors persist},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2304.03245},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2304-07829,
  author       = {Mohammad Sadegh Sheikhaei and
                  Yuan Tian},
  title        = {Automated Self-Admitted Technical Debt Tracking at Commit-Level: {A}
                  Language-independent Approach},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2304.07829},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2305-00170,
  author       = {Peng Fan and
                  Dongyue Guo and
                  Jianwei Zhang and
                  Bo Yang and
                  Yi Lin},
  title        = {Enhancing multilingual speech recognition in air traffic control by
                  sentence-level language identification},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2305.00170},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2305-02230,
  author       = {Chuqin Geng and
                  Yihan Zhang and
                  Brigitte Pientka and
                  Xujie Si},
  title        = {Can ChatGPT Pass An Introductory Level Functional Language Programming
                  Course?},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2305.02230},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2305-09419,
  author       = {Gilbert Netzer and
                  Stefano Markidis},
  title        = {{QHDL:} a Low-Level Circuit Description Language for Quantum Computing},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2305.09419},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2305-09617,
  author       = {Karan Singhal and
                  Tao Tu and
                  Juraj Gottweis and
                  Rory Sayres and
                  Ellery Wulczyn and
                  Le Hou and
                  Kevin Clark and
                  Stephen Pfohl and
                  Heather Cole{-}Lewis and
                  Darlene Neal and
                  Mike Schaekermann and
                  Amy Wang and
                  Mohamed Amin and
                  Sami Lachgar and
                  Philip Andrew Mansfield and
                  Sushant Prakash and
                  Bradley Green and
                  Ewa Dominowska and
                  Blaise Ag{\"{u}}era y Arcas and
                  Nenad Tomasev and
                  Yun Liu and
                  Renee Wong and
                  Christopher Semturs and
                  S. Sara Mahdavi and
                  Joelle K. Barral and
                  Dale R. Webster and
                  Gregory S. Corrado and
                  Yossi Matias and
                  Shekoofeh Azizi and
                  Alan Karthikesalingam and
                  Vivek Natarajan},
  title        = {Towards Expert-Level Medical Question Answering with Large Language
                  Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2305.09617},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2305-10263,
  author       = {Chuang Liu and
                  Renren Jin and
                  Yuqi Ren and
                  Linhao Yu and
                  Tianyu Dong and
                  Xiaohan Peng and
                  Shuting Zhang and
                  Jianxiang Peng and
                  Peiyi Zhang and
                  Qingqing Lyu and
                  Xiaowen Su and
                  Qun Liu and
                  Deyi Xiong},
  title        = {{M3KE:} {A} Massive Multi-Level Multi-Subject Knowledge Evaluation
                  Benchmark for Chinese Large Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2305.10263},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2305-12031,
  author       = {Augustin Toma and
                  Patrick R. Lawler and
                  Jimmy Ba and
                  Rahul G. Krishnan and
                  Barry B. Rubin and
                  Bo Wang},
  title        = {Clinical Camel: An Open-Source Expert-Level Medical Language Model
                  with Dialogue-Based Knowledge Encoding},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2305.12031},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2305-12231,
  author       = {Wenting Chen and
                  Jie Liu and
                  Yixuan Yuan},
  title        = {Bi-VLGM : Bi-Level Class-Severity-Aware Vision-Language Graph Matching
                  for Text Guided Medical Image Segmentation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2305.12231},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2305-12363,
  author       = {Laksh Nanwani and
                  Anmol Agarwal and
                  Kanishk Jain and
                  Raghav Prabhakar and
                  Aaron Monis and
                  Aditya Mathur and
                  Krishna Murthy Jatavallabhula and
                  A. H. Abdul Hafez and
                  Vineet Gandhi and
                  K. Madhava Krishna},
  title        = {Instance-Level Semantic Maps for Vision Language Navigation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2305.12363},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2305-13899,
  author       = {Umberto Cappellazzo and
                  Muqiao Yang and
                  Daniele Falavigna and
                  Alessio Brutti},
  title        = {Sequence-Level Knowledge Distillation for Class-Incremental End-to-End
                  Spoken Language Understanding},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2305.13899},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2305-14330,
  author       = {Susung Hong and
                  Junyoung Seo and
                  Sunghwan Hong and
                  Heeseong Shin and
                  Seungryong Kim},
  title        = {Large Language Models are Frame-level Directors for Zero-shot Text-to-Video
                  Generation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2305.14330},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2305-15217,
  author       = {Zheng Chang and
                  Shuchen Weng and
                  Peixuan Zhang and
                  Yu Li and
                  Si Li and
                  Boxin Shi},
  title        = {{L-CAD:} Language-based Colorization with Any-level Descriptions},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2305.15217},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2305-17729,
  author       = {Henry Weld and
                  Sijia Hu and
                  Siqu Long and
                  Josiah Poon and
                  Soyeon Caren Han},
  title        = {Tri-level Joint Natural Language Understanding for Multi-turn Conversational
                  Datasets},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2305.17729},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2305-17891,
  author       = {Linhao Qu and
                  Xiaoyuan Luo and
                  Kexue Fu and
                  Manning Wang and
                  Zhijian Song},
  title        = {The Rise of {AI} Language Pathologists: Exploring Two-level Prompt
                  Learning for Few-shot Weakly-supervised Whole Slide Image Classification},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2305.17891},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2305-19308,
  author       = {Hongxin Li and
                  Jingran Su and
                  Yuntao Chen and
                  Qing Li and
                  Zhaoxiang Zhang},
  title        = {SheetCopilot: Bringing Software Productivity to the Next Level through
                  Large Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2305.19308},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2306-00374,
  author       = {Rahul Madhavan and
                  Rishabh Garg and
                  Kahini Wadhawan and
                  Sameep Mehta},
  title        = {{CFL:} Causally Fair Language Models Through Token-level Attribute
                  Controlled Generation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2306.00374},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2306-00398,
  author       = {Shentao Yang and
                  Shujian Zhang and
                  Congying Xia and
                  Yihao Feng and
                  Caiming Xiong and
                  Mingyuan Zhou},
  title        = {Preference-grounded Token-level Guidance for Language Model Fine-tuning},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2306.00398},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2306-06344,
  author       = {Ziyuan Zhong and
                  Davis Rempe and
                  Yuxiao Chen and
                  Boris Ivanovic and
                  Yulong Cao and
                  Danfei Xu and
                  Marco Pavone and
                  Baishakhi Ray},
  title        = {Language-Guided Traffic Simulation via Scene-Level Diffusion},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2306.06344},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2306-07691,
  author       = {Yinghao Aaron Li and
                  Cong Han and
                  Vinay S. Raghavan and
                  Gavin Mischler and
                  Nima Mesgarani},
  title        = {StyleTTS 2: Towards Human-Level Text-to-Speech through Style Diffusion
                  and Adversarial Training with Large Speech Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2306.07691},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2306-11386,
  author       = {Haotian Chen and
                  Bingsheng Chen and
                  Xiangdong Zhou},
  title        = {Did the Models Understand Documents? Benchmarking Models for Language
                  Understanding in Document-Level Relation Extraction},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2306.11386},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2306-13588,
  author       = {Weizhe Yuan and
                  Kyunghyun Cho and
                  Jason Weston},
  title        = {System-Level Natural Language Feedback},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2306.13588},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2307-00951,
  author       = {Felix H{\"{a}}rer},
  title        = {A Cross-Chain Query Language for Application-Level Interoperability
                  Between Open and Permissionless Blockchains},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2307.00951},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2307-05646,
  author       = {Dhruv Mullick and
                  Bilal Ghanem and
                  Alona Fyshe},
  title        = {Better Handling Coreference Resolution in Aspect Level Sentiment Classification
                  by Fine-Tuning Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2307.05646},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2307-10635,
  author       = {Xiaoxuan Wang and
                  Ziniu Hu and
                  Pan Lu and
                  Yanqiao Zhu and
                  Jieyu Zhang and
                  Satyen Subramaniam and
                  Arjun R. Loomba and
                  Shichang Zhang and
                  Yizhou Sun and
                  Wei Wang},
  title        = {SciBench: Evaluating College-Level Scientific Problem-Solving Abilities
                  of Large Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2307.10635},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2307-14061,
  author       = {Dong Lu and
                  Zhiqiang Wang and
                  Teng Wang and
                  Weili Guan and
                  Hongchang Gao and
                  Feng Zheng},
  title        = {Set-level Guidance Attack: Boosting Adversarial Transferability of
                  Vision-Language Pre-training Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2307.14061},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2308-00353,
  author       = {Runyu Ding and
                  Jihan Yang and
                  Chuhui Xue and
                  Wenqing Zhang and
                  Song Bai and
                  Xiaojuan Qi},
  title        = {Lowis3D: Language-Driven Open-World Instance-Level 3D Scene Understanding},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2308.00353},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2308-04398,
  author       = {Josef Jon and
                  Ondrej Bojar},
  title        = {Character-level {NMT} and language similarity},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2308.04398},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2308-04712,
  author       = {Hoang H. Nguyen and
                  Chenwei Zhang and
                  Ye Liu and
                  Philip S. Yu},
  title        = {Slot Induction via Pre-trained Language Model Probing and Multi-level
                  Contrastive Learning},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2308.04712},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2308-11466,
  author       = {Paul{-}Ambroise Duquenne and
                  Holger Schwenk and
                  Beno{\^{\i}}t Sagot},
  title        = {{SONAR:} Sentence-Level Multimodal and Language-Agnostic Representations},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2308.11466},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2308-13149,
  author       = {Liangtai Sun and
                  Yang Han and
                  Zihan Zhao and
                  Da Ma and
                  Zhennan Shen and
                  Baocai Chen and
                  Lu Chen and
                  Kai Yu},
  title        = {SciEval: {A} Multi-Level Large Language Model Evaluation Benchmark
                  for Scientific Research},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2308.13149},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2308-15727,
  author       = {Zhenhong Zhou and
                  Jiuyang Xiang and
                  Chaomeng Chen and
                  Sen Su},
  title        = {Quantifying and Analyzing Entity-level Memorization in Large Language
                  Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2308.15727},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2309-08182,
  author       = {Jingzhe Ding and
                  Yan Cen and
                  Xinyuan Wei},
  title        = {Using Large Language Model to Solve and Explain Physics Word Problems
                  Approaching Human Level},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2309.08182},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2309-09443,
  author       = {Song Li and
                  Yongbin You and
                  Xuezhi Wang and
                  Ke Ding and
                  Guanglu Wan},
  title        = {Enhancing Multilingual Speech Recognition through Language Prompt
                  Tuning and Frame-Level Language Adapter},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2309.09443},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2309-11166,
  author       = {Haoyu Wang and
                  Guozheng Ma and
                  Cong Yu and
                  Ning Gui and
                  Linrui Zhang and
                  Zhiqi Huang and
                  Suwei Ma and
                  Yongzhe Chang and
                  Sen Zhang and
                  Li Shen and
                  Xueqian Wang and
                  Peilin Zhao and
                  Dacheng Tao},
  title        = {Are Large Language Models Really Robust to Word-Level Perturbations?},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2309.11166},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2309-12551,
  author       = {Asma Farajidizaji and
                  Vatsal Raina and
                  Mark J. F. Gales},
  title        = {Is it Possible to Modify Text to a Target Readability Level? An Initial
                  Investigation Using Zero-Shot Large Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2309.12551},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2309-17035,
  author       = {C. Maria Keet and
                  Langa Khumalo},
  title        = {Contextualising Levels of Language Resourcedness affecting Digital
                  Processing of Text},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2309.17035},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2310-03292,
  author       = {Sakuna Harinda Jayasundara and
                  Nalin Asanka Gamagedara Arachchilage and
                  Giovanni Russello},
  title        = {SoK: Access Control Policy Generation from High-level Natural Language
                  Requirements},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2310.03292},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2310-03932,
  author       = {Chen Jiang and
                  Martin J{\"{a}}gersand},
  title        = {Bridging Low-level Geometry to High-level Concepts in Visual Servoing
                  of Robot Manipulation Task Using Event Knowledge Graphs and Vision-Language
                  Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2310.03932},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2310-11266,
  author       = {Khushboo Verma and
                  Marina Moore and
                  Stephanie Wottrich and
                  Karla Robles L{\'{o}}pez and
                  Nishant Aggarwal and
                  Zeel Bhatt and
                  Aagamjit Singh and
                  Bradford Unroe and
                  Salah Basheer and
                  Nitish Sachdeva and
                  Prinka Arora and
                  Harmanjeet Kaur and
                  Tanupreet Kaur and
                  Tevon Hood and
                  Anahi Marquez and
                  Tushar Varshney and
                  Nanfu Deng and
                  Azaan Ramani and
                  Pawanraj Ishwara and
                  Maimoona Saeed and
                  Tatiana L{\'{o}}pez Velarde Pe{\~{n}}a and
                  Bryan Barksdale and
                  Sushovan Guha and
                  Satwant Kumar},
  title        = {Emulating Human Cognitive Processes for Expert-Level Medical Question-Answering
                  with Large Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2310.11266},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2310-12303,
  author       = {Frithjof Petrick and
                  Christian Herold and
                  Pavel Petrushkov and
                  Shahram Khadivi and
                  Hermann Ney},
  title        = {Document-Level Language Models for Machine Translation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2310.12303},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2310-12751,
  author       = {Hao Sun and
                  John Hewitt},
  title        = {Character-level Chinese Backpack Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2310.12751},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2310-12874,
  author       = {Cheng Jiayang and
                  Lin Qiu and
                  Tsz Ho Chan and
                  Tianqing Fang and
                  Weiqi Wang and
                  Chunkit Chan and
                  Dongyu Ru and
                  Qipeng Guo and
                  Hongming Zhang and
                  Yangqiu Song and
                  Yue Zhang and
                  Zheng Zhang},
  title        = {StoryAnalogy: Deriving Story-level Analogies from Large Language Models
                  to Unlock Analogical Understanding},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2310.12874},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2310-12931,
  author       = {Yecheng Jason Ma and
                  William Liang and
                  Guanzhi Wang and
                  De{-}An Huang and
                  Osbert Bastani and
                  Dinesh Jayaraman and
                  Yuke Zhu and
                  Linxi Fan and
                  Anima Anandkumar},
  title        = {Eureka: Human-Level Reward Design via Coding Large Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2310.12931},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2310-14088,
  author       = {Zexue He and
                  Yu Wang and
                  An Yan and
                  Yao Liu and
                  Eric Y. Chang and
                  Amilcare Gentili and
                  Julian J. McAuley and
                  Chun{-}Nan Hsu},
  title        = {MedEval: {A} Multi-Level, Multi-Task, and Multi-Domain Medical Benchmark
                  for Language Model Evaluation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2310.14088},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2310-14855,
  author       = {Sai Koneru and
                  Miriam Exel and
                  Matthias Huck and
                  Jan Niehues},
  title        = {Contextual Refinement of Translations: Large Language Models for Sentence
                  and Document-Level Post-Editing},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2310.14855},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2310-15007,
  author       = {Matthieu Meeus and
                  Shubham Jain and
                  Marek Rei and
                  Yves{-}Alexandre de Montjoye},
  title        = {Did the Neurons Read your Book? Document-level Membership Inference
                  for Large Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2310.15007},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2310-15024,
  author       = {Ekene Attoh and
                  Beat Signer},
  title        = {From Proprietary to High-Level Trigger-Action Programming Rules: {A}
                  Natural Language Processing Approach},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2310.15024},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2310-16427,
  author       = {Xinyuan Wang and
                  Chenxi Li and
                  Zhen Wang and
                  Fan Bai and
                  Haotian Luo and
                  Jiayou Zhang and
                  Nebojsa Jojic and
                  Eric P. Xing and
                  Zhiting Hu},
  title        = {PromptAgent: Strategic Planning with Language Models Enables Expert-level
                  Prompt Optimization},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2310.16427},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2310-20410,
  author       = {Yuxin Jiang and
                  Yufei Wang and
                  Xingshan Zeng and
                  Wanjun Zhong and
                  Liangyou Li and
                  Fei Mi and
                  Lifeng Shang and
                  Xin Jiang and
                  Qun Liu and
                  Wei Wang},
  title        = {FollowBench: {A} Multi-level Fine-grained Constraints Following Benchmark
                  for Large Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2310.20410},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2311-02333,
  author       = {Aditya Malusare and
                  Harish Kothandaraman and
                  Dipesh Tamboli and
                  Nadia A. Lanman and
                  Vaneet Aggarwal},
  title        = {Understanding the Natural Language of {DNA} using Encoder-Decoder
                  Foundation Models with Byte-level Precision},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2311.02333},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2311-03489,
  author       = {James Timothy Meech},
  title        = {Leveraging High-Level Synthesis and Large Language Models to Generate,
                  Simulate, and Deploy a Uniform Random Number Generator Hardware Design},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2311.03489},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2311-04044,
  author       = {Haoran Li and
                  Dadi Guo and
                  Donghao Li and
                  Wei Fan and
                  Qi Hu and
                  Xin Liu and
                  Chunkit Chan and
                  Duanyi Yao and
                  Yangqiu Song},
  title        = {P-Bench: {A} Multi-level Privacy Evaluation Benchmark for Language
                  Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2311.04044},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2311-06555,
  author       = {Hanzhang Zhou and
                  Junlang Qian and
                  Zijian Feng and
                  Hui Lu and
                  Zixiao Zhu and
                  Kezhi Mao},
  title        = {Heuristics-Driven Link-of-Analogy Prompting: Enhancing Large Language
                  Models for Document-Level Event Argument Extraction},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2311.06555},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2311-07314,
  author       = {Junpeng Li and
                  Zixia Jia and
                  Zilong Zheng},
  title        = {Semi-automatic Data Enhancement for Document-Level Relation Extraction
                  with Distant Supervision from Large Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2311.07314},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2311-08620,
  author       = {William Fleshman and
                  Benjamin Van Durme},
  title        = {Toucan: Token-Aware Character Level Language Modeling},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2311.08620},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2311-08648,
  author       = {Yuhang Zhou and
                  Paiheng Xu and
                  Xiaoyu Liu and
                  Bang An and
                  Wei Ai and
                  Furong Huang},
  title        = {Explore Spurious Correlations at the Concept Level in Language Models
                  for Text Classification},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2311.08648},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2311-11860,
  author       = {Gongwei Chen and
                  Leyang Shen and
                  Rui Shao and
                  Xiang Deng and
                  Liqiang Nie},
  title        = {{LION} : Empowering Multimodal Large Language Model with Dual-Level
                  Visual Knowledge},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2311.11860},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2311-12372,
  author       = {Ruitong Liu and
                  Yanbin Wang and
                  Haitao Xu and
                  Zhan Qin and
                  Yiwei Liu and
                  Zheng Cao},
  title        = {Malicious {URL} Detection via Pretrained Language Model Guided Multi-Level
                  Feature Attention Network},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2311.12372},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2311-13892,
  author       = {Bingkang Shi and
                  Xiaodan Zhang and
                  Dehan Kong and
                  Yulei Wu and
                  Zongzhen Liu and
                  Honglei Lyu and
                  Longtao Huang},
  title        = {General Phrase Debiaser: Debiasing Masked Language Models at a Multi-Token
                  Level},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2311.13892},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2312-00674,
  author       = {Ying Nie and
                  Wei He and
                  Kai Han and
                  Yehui Tang and
                  Tianyu Guo and
                  Fanyi Du and
                  Yunhe Wang},
  title        = {LightCLIP: Learning Multi-Level Interaction for Lightweight Vision-Language
                  Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2312.00674},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2312-01032,
  author       = {Subhankar Maity and
                  Aniket Deroy and
                  Sudeshna Sarkar},
  title        = {Harnessing the Power of Prompt-based Techniques for Generating School-Level
                  Questions using Large Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2312.01032},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2312-03458,
  author       = {Chengguang Gan and
                  Qinghao Zhang and
                  Tatsunori Mori},
  title        = {Think from Words(TFW): Initiating Human-Like Cognition in Large Language
                  Models Through Think from Words for Japanese Text-level Classification},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2312.03458},
  year         = {2023}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2312-13594,
  author       = {Chengen Lai and
                  Shengli Song and
                  Shiqi Meng and
                  Jingyang Li and
                  Sitong Yan and
                  Guangneng Hu},
  title        = {Towards More Faithful Natural Language Explanation Using Multi-Level
                  Contrastive Learning in {VQA}},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2312.13594},
  year         = {2023}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/basesearch/Hosain22,
  author       = {Al Amin Hosain},
  title        = {Word-Level Sign Language Recognition from Videos},
  school       = {George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, {USA}},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/access/CaoYZ22,
  author       = {Xinlei Cao and
                  Jinyang Yu and
                  Yan Zhuang},
  title        = {Injecting User Identity Into Pretrained Language Models for Document-Level
                  Sentiment Classification},
  journal      = {{IEEE} Access},
  volume       = {10},
  pages        = {30157--30167},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/apin/WuC22,
  author       = {Jheng{-}Long Wu and
                  Wei{-}Yi Chung},
  title        = {Sentiment-based masked language modeling for improving sentence-level
                  valence-arousal prediction},
  journal      = {Appl. Intell.},
  volume       = {52},
  number       = {14},
  pages        = {16353--16369},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/bjmc/LeonovaZ22,
  author       = {Viktorija Leonova and
                  Janis Zuters},
  title        = {Frustration Level in Customer Support Tweets: Towards a Language-Independent
                  Model},
  journal      = {Balt. J. Mod. Comput.},
  volume       = {10},
  number       = {4},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/bspc/YeYZTS22,
  author       = {Chunhua Ye and
                  Zhong Yin and
                  Mengyuan Zhao and
                  Ying Tian and
                  Zhanquan Sun},
  title        = {Identification of mental fatigue levels in a language understanding
                  task based on multi-domain {EEG} features and an ensemble convolutional
                  neural network},
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  volume       = {72},
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  pages        = {103360},
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  author       = {Guangying Wang and
                  Zhong Yin and
                  Mengyuan Zhao and
                  Ying Tian and
                  Zhanquan Sun},
  title        = {Identification of human mental workload levels in a language comprehension
                  task with imbalance neurophysiological data},
  journal      = {Comput. Methods Programs Biomed.},
  volume       = {224},
  pages        = {107011},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/csl/MuneerN22,
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                  Rao Muhammad Adeel Nawab},
  title        = {Cross-Lingual Text Reuse Detection at sentence level for English-Urdu
                  language pair},
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  volume       = {75},
  pages        = {101381},
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}
@article{DBLP:journals/eait/YilmazTT22,
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                  Fatma Burcu Topu and
                  Ayseg{\"{u}}l Takka{\c{c}} Tulgar},
  title        = {An examination of vocabulary learning and retention levels of pre-school
                  children using augmented reality technology in English language learning},
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  title        = {Design and Implementation of Amharic-based {IDE} with High-Level Programming
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  journal      = {{EAI} Endorsed Trans. Creative Technol.},
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  author       = {Silvia Garc{\'{\i}}a{-}M{\'{e}}ndez and
                  Francisco de Arriba P{\'{e}}rez and
                  Ana Barros{-}Vila and
                  Francisco J. Gonz{\'{a}}lez{-}Casta{\~{n}}o},
  title        = {Detection of temporality at discourse level on financial news by combining
                  Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning},
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                  Peter Krammer and
                  Marcel Kvassay and
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  title        = {Towards Reliable Baselines for Document-Level Sentiment Analysis in
                  the Czech and Slovak Languages},
  journal      = {Future Internet},
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  author       = {Cecilia Maria Vallorani and
                  Isabel Gibert and
                  Christopher Tuffnell},
  title        = {Levelling Up Language Learning: {A} Study on the Impact of Gamification},
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                  Di Zou},
  title        = {Learning English with the mobile language learning application 'Duolingo':
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  title        = {Full transformer network with masking future for word-level sign language
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@article{DBLP:journals/jbi/NorasetCTTT22,
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  title        = {Language-agnostic deep learning framework for automatic monitoring
                  of population-level mental health from social networks},
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  title        = {A comparative study of syllables and character level N-grams for Dravidian
                  multi-script and code-mixed offensive language identification},
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                  Haitao Liu},
  title        = {Approaching language levels and registers in written Chinese with
                  the Menzerath-Altmann Law},
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                  Rao Muhammad Adeel Nawab},
  title        = {Develop corpora and methods for cross-lingual text reuse detection
                  for English Urdu language pair at lexical, syntactical, and phrasal
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  title        = {SwitchNet: Learning to switch for word-level language identification
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  title        = {3D gesture segmentation for word-level Arabic sign language using
                  large-scale {RGB} video sequences and autoencoder convolutional networks},
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@article{DBLP:journals/spl/HuangHZLL22,
  author       = {Haojing Huang and
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  title        = {{CLID:} {A} Chunk-Level Intent Detection Framework for Multiple Intent
                  Spoken Language Understanding},
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@article{DBLP:journals/talip/HuangXMJLH22,
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@article{DBLP:journals/tvcg/LundgardS22,
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@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/AepliS22,
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                  Rico Sennrich},
  title        = {Improving Zero-Shot Cross-lingual Transfer Between Closely Related
                  Languages by Injecting Character-Level Noise},
  booktitle    = {{ACL} (Findings)},
  pages        = {4074--4083},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/SekerBBBGT22,
  author       = {Amit Seker and
                  Elron Bandel and
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                  Idan Brusilovsky and
                  Refael Shaked Greenfeld and
                  Reut Tsarfaty},
  title        = {AlephBERT: Language Model Pre-training and Evaluation from Sub-Word
                  to Sentence Level},
  booktitle    = {{ACL} {(1)}},
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  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2022}
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@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ai/AlqarniA22,
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  booktitle    = {Canadian {AI}},
  publisher    = {Canadian Artificial Intelligence Association},
  year         = {2022}
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@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/balt/LeonovaZ22,
  author       = {Viktorija Leonova and
                  Janis Zuters},
  title        = {Frustration Level Analysis in Customer Support Tweets for Different
                  Languages},
  booktitle    = {Doctoral Consortium/Forum@DB{\&}IS},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
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@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/coling/AbonizioSLN22,
  author       = {Hugo Queiroz Abonizio and
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                  Rodrigo Frassetto Nogueira},
  title        = {MonoByte: {A} Pool of Monolingual Byte-level Language Models},
  booktitle    = {{COLING}},
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  publisher    = {International Committee on Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2022}
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@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/coling/BertoliniWW22,
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  title        = {Testing Large Language Models on Compositionality and Inference with
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  booktitle    = {{COLING}},
  pages        = {4084--4100},
  publisher    = {International Committee on Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2022}
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                  Manfred Stede},
  title        = {Extractive Summarisation for German-language Data: {A} Text-level
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  booktitle    = {{COLING}},
  pages        = {756--765},
  publisher    = {International Committee on Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2022}
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  author       = {Albert Gran Alcoz and
                  Coralie Busse{-}Grawitz and
                  {\'{E}}ric Marty and
                  Laurent Vanbever},
  title        = {Reducing {P4} language's voluminosity using higher-level constructs},
  booktitle    = {EuroP4@CoNEXT},
  pages        = {19--25},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/csci/Akandeh22,
  author       = {Atra Akandeh},
  title        = {Sentence-Level Sign Language Recognition Framework},
  booktitle    = {{CSCI}},
  pages        = {1436--1441},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cvpr/FuWGEW22,
  author       = {Tsu{-}Jui Fu and
                  Xin Eric Wang and
                  Scott T. Grafton and
                  Miguel P. Eckstein and
                  William Yang Wang},
  title        = {M\({}^{\mbox{3}}\)L: Language-based Video Editing via Multi-Modal
                  Multi-Level Transformers},
  booktitle    = {{CVPR}},
  pages        = {10503--10512},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cvpr/RadhakrishnanMV22,
  author       = {Srijith Radhakrishnan and
                  Nikhil C. Mohan and
                  Manisimha Varma and
                  Jaithra Varma and
                  Smitha N. Pai},
  title        = {Cross Transferring Activity Recognition to Word Level Sign Language
                  Detection},
  booktitle    = {{CVPR} Workshops},
  pages        = {2445--2452},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/eccv/0001K0SC022,
  author       = {Zaid Khan and
                  B. G. Vijay Kumar and
                  Xiang Yu and
                  Samuel Schulter and
                  Manmohan Chandraker and
                  Yun Fu},
  title        = {Single-Stream Multi-level Alignment for Vision-Language Pretraining},
  booktitle    = {{ECCV} {(36)}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {13696},
  pages        = {735--751},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/AroraDYMB022,
  author       = {Siddhant Arora and
                  Siddharth Dalmia and
                  Brian Yan and
                  Florian Metze and
                  Alan W. Black and
                  Shinji Watanabe},
  title        = {Token-level Sequence Labeling for Spoken Language Understanding using
                  Compositional End-to-End Models},
  booktitle    = {{EMNLP} (Findings)},
  pages        = {5419--5429},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/LiDZCH022,
  author       = {Mingqi Li and
                  Fei Ding and
                  Dan Zhang and
                  Long Cheng and
                  Hongxin Hu and
                  Feng Luo},
  title        = {Multi-level Distillation of Semantic Knowledge for Pre-training Multilingual
                  Language Model},
  booktitle    = {{EMNLP}},
  pages        = {3097--3106},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/LiangSPGZZJ22,
  author       = {Shining Liang and
                  Linjun Shou and
                  Jian Pei and
                  Ming Gong and
                  Wanli Zuo and
                  Xianglin Zuo and
                  Daxin Jiang},
  title        = {Label-aware Multi-level Contrastive Learning for Cross-lingual Spoken
                  Language Understanding},
  booktitle    = {{EMNLP}},
  pages        = {9903--9918},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/MathurKB0M022,
  author       = {Puneet Mathur and
                  Gautam Kunapuli and
                  Riyaz Bhat and
                  Manish Shrivastava and
                  Dinesh Manocha and
                  Maneesh Singh},
  title        = {DocInfer: Document-level Natural Language Inference using Optimal
                  Evidence Selection},
  booktitle    = {{EMNLP}},
  pages        = {809--824},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/UshioAC22,
  author       = {Asahi Ushio and
                  Fernando Alva{-}Manchego and
                  Jos{\'{e}} Camacho{-}Collados},
  title        = {Generative Language Models for Paragraph-Level Question Generation},
  booktitle    = {{EMNLP}},
  pages        = {670--688},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/Wang0L0WS22,
  author       = {Hao Wang and
                  Yixin Cao and
                  Yangguang Li and
                  Zhen Huang and
                  Kun Wang and
                  Jing Shao},
  title        = {{R2F:} {A} General Retrieval, Reading and Fusion Framework for Document-level
                  Natural Language Inference},
  booktitle    = {{EMNLP}},
  pages        = {3122--3134},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fire/ChandaMP22,
  author       = {Supriya Chanda and
                  Anshika Mishra and
                  Sukomal Pal},
  title        = {Sentiment Analysis and Homophobia detection of Code-Mixed Dravidian
                  Languages leveraging pre-trained model and word-level language tag},
  booktitle    = {{FIRE} (Working Notes)},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
  volume       = {3395},
  pages        = {184--195},
  publisher    = {CEUR-WS.org},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icacds/KasivinayagamSB22,
  author       = {Gurusankar Kasivinayagam and
                  Romaanchan Skanda and
                  Aditya G. Burli and
                  Shruti Jadon and
                  Reetinder Sidhu},
  title        = {Hardware Description Language Enhancements for High Level Synthesis
                  of Hardware Accelerators},
  booktitle    = {{ICACDS} {(1)}},
  series       = {Communications in Computer and Information Science},
  volume       = {1613},
  pages        = {1--12},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icalt/PengwendeO22,
  author       = {Pengwend{\'{e}} Zongo and
                  Fr{\'{e}}d{\'{e}}ric Tounwendyam Ou{\'{e}}draogo},
  title        = {Toward an Intelligent Tutoring System for Tone Languages: Learning
                  of Tone Levels in Moor{\'{e}}},
  booktitle    = {{ICALT}},
  pages        = {245--247},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icassp/LiHLW22,
  author       = {Shuang Li and
                  Xuming Hu and
                  Li Lin and
                  Lijie Wen},
  title        = {Pair-Level Supervised Contrastive Learning for Natural Language Inference},
  booktitle    = {{ICASSP}},
  pages        = {8237--8241},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/iccci/HnatkowskaW22,
  author       = {Bogumila Hnatkowska and
                  Damian Wawrzyniak},
  title        = {Proficiency Level Classification of Foreign Language Learners Using
                  Machine Learning Algorithms and Multilingual Models},
  booktitle    = {{ICCCI}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {13501},
  pages        = {261--271},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icdm/ZhangNPT22,
  author       = {Yubo Zhang and
                  Feiyang Niu and
                  Qing Ping and
                  Govind Thattai},
  title        = {A Multi -level Alignment Training Scheme for Video-and-Language Grounding},
  booktitle    = {{ICDM} (Workshops)},
  pages        = {958--966},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/iceit/Li22a,
  author       = {Xianfeng Li},
  title        = {Media Use and the Level of New Media Literacy of the Prospective Chinese
                  Language Teachers in the Post {COVID-19} Epidemic Era},
  booktitle    = {{ICEIT}},
  pages        = {201--205},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ichi/OianFL22,
  author       = {Ray Oian and
                  Sunyang Fu and
                  Hongfang Liu},
  title        = {Evaluation of Document-Level Identification of Pulmonary Nodules in
                  Radiology Reports Using {FLAIR} Natural Language Processing Framework},
  booktitle    = {{ICHI}},
  pages        = {515--516},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icip/MinoPB22,
  author       = {Ajkel Mino and
                  Mirela Popa and
                  Alexia Briassouli},
  title        = {The Effect of Spatial and Temporal Occlusion on Word Level Sign Language
                  Recognition},
  booktitle    = {{ICIP}},
  pages        = {2686--2690},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icitl/ChenLS22,
  author       = {Yingling Chen and
                  Chinlun Lai and
                  Yu Shu},
  title        = {Visual Reality as a Reinforcement for Entry-Level Therapist to Do
                  the Speech Language Pathology Inquire},
  booktitle    = {{ICITL}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {13449},
  pages        = {117--124},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icmlc2/LiuT22,
  author       = {Haowei Liu and
                  Enhao Tan},
  title        = {Tweet Sentiment Extraction Using Byte Level Pretrained Language Model{\({_\ast}\)}},
  booktitle    = {{ICMLC}},
  pages        = {545--549},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icnlsp/DyerHSC22,
  author       = {Laurence Dyer and
                  Anthony Hughes and
                  Dhwani Shah and
                  Burcu Can},
  title        = {Comparison of Token- and Character-Level Approaches to Restoration
                  of Spaces, Punctuation, and Capitalization in Various Languages},
  booktitle    = {{ICNLSP}},
  pages        = {168--178},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icra/CheangLFX22,
  author       = {Chilam Cheang and
                  Haitao Lin and
                  Yanwei Fu and
                  Xiangyang Xue},
  title        = {Learning 6-DoF Object Poses to Grasp Category-Level Objects by Language
                  Instructions},
  booktitle    = {{ICRA}},
  pages        = {8476--8482},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/lrec/JangPSSYG22,
  author       = {Jin Yea Jang and
                  Han{-}Mu Park and
                  Saim Shin and
                  Suna Shin and
                  Byungcheon Yoon and
                  Gahgene Gweon},
  title        = {Automatic Gloss-level Data Augmentation for Sign Language Translation},
  booktitle    = {{LREC}},
  pages        = {6808--6813},
  publisher    = {European Language Resources Association},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/lrec/TakahashiB22,
  author       = {Keigo Takahashi and
                  Danushka Bollegala},
  title        = {Unsupervised Attention-based Sentence-Level Meta-Embeddings from Contextualised
                  Language Models},
  booktitle    = {{LREC}},
  pages        = {7155--7163},
  publisher    = {European Language Resources Association},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/mm/LiFTCWH22,
  author       = {Zejun Li and
                  Zhihao Fan and
                  Huaixiao Tou and
                  Jingjing Chen and
                  Zhongyu Wei and
                  Xuanjing Huang},
  title        = {{MVPTR:} Multi-Level Semantic Alignment for Vision-Language Pre-Training
                  via Multi-Stage Learning},
  booktitle    = {{ACM} Multimedia},
  pages        = {4395--4405},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/models/Frank022,
  author       = {Ulrich Frank and
                  Tony Clark},
  title        = {Peculiarities of language engineering in multi-level environments
                  or: Design by elimination: a contribution to the further development
                  of multi-level modeling methods},
  booktitle    = {MoDELS (Companion)},
  pages        = {424--433},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/momlet/BasyukVLV22,
  author       = {Taras Basyuk and
                  Andrii Vasyliuk and
                  Vasyl Lytvyn and
                  Olha Vlasenko},
  title        = {Features of designing and implementing an information system for studying
                  and determining the level of foreign language proficiency},
  booktitle    = {MoMLeT+DS},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
  volume       = {3312},
  pages        = {212--225},
  publisher    = {CEUR-WS.org},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/naacl/0001SRJ22,
  author       = {Chia{-}Hsuan Lee and
                  Aditya Siddhant and
                  Viresh Ratnakar and
                  Melvin Johnson},
  title        = {DOCmT5: Document-Level Pretraining of Multilingual Language Models},
  booktitle    = {{NAACL-HLT} (Findings)},
  pages        = {425--437},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/oopsla/Misse-Chanabier22,
  author       = {Pierre Misse{-}Chanabier and
                  Th{\'{e}}o Rogliano},
  title        = {Ease Virtual Machine Level Tooling with Language Level Ordinary Object
                  Pointers},
  booktitle    = {VMIL@SPLASH},
  pages        = {1--12},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/pldi/0001TKVSH22,
  author       = {Michael Christensen and
                  Georgios Tzimpragos and
                  Harlan Kringen and
                  Jennifer Volk and
                  Timothy Sherwood and
                  Ben Hardekopf},
  title        = {PyLSE: a pulse-transfer level language for superconductor electronics},
  booktitle    = {{PLDI}},
  pages        = {671--686},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/pldi/ZagieboyloSSM22,
  author       = {Drew Zagieboylo and
                  Charles Sherk and
                  Gookwon Edward Suh and
                  Andrew C. Myers},
  title        = {{PDL:} a high-level hardware design language for pipelined processors},
  booktitle    = {{PLDI}},
  pages        = {719--732},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/prcv/GuoXGYC22,
  author       = {Jingjing Guo and
                  Wanli Xue and
                  Leming Guo and
                  Tiantian Yuan and
                  Shengyong Chen},
  title        = {Multi-level Temporal Relation Graph for Continuous Sign Language Recognition},
  booktitle    = {{PRCV} {(3)}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {13536},
  pages        = {408--419},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/spcom/MishraGPP22,
  author       = {Jagabandhu Mishra and
                  Joshitha Gandra and
                  Vaishnavi Patil and
                  S. R. Mahadeva Prasanna},
  title        = {Issues in Sub-Utterance Level Language Identification in a Code Switched
                  Bilingual Scenario},
  booktitle    = {{SPCOM}},
  pages        = {1--5},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/specom/KrebbersKK22,
  author       = {Dani Krebbers and
                  Heysem Kaya and
                  Alexey Karpov},
  title        = {Multi-level Fusion of Fisher Vector Encoded {BERT} and Wav2vec 2.0
                  Embeddings for Native Language Identification},
  booktitle    = {{SPECOM}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {13721},
  pages        = {391--403},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/telexbe/MullerA22,
  author       = {Mirela M{\"{u}}ller and
                  Marijana Alujevic},
  title        = {Students' perception of the impact of teaching approaches on acquiring
                  soft skills: an example of research in the context of Italian and
                  German language teaching at the university level},
  booktitle    = {teleXbe},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
  volume       = {3265},
  publisher    = {CEUR-WS.org},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/transai/KabeliE22,
  author       = {Romi Goldner Kabeli and
                  Sol Efroni},
  title        = {A Language Model identifies population-level features of the {T} cell
                  Receptor via self-supervised learning},
  booktitle    = {TransAI},
  pages        = {75--78},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/vts/Guerrero-Balaguera22,
  author       = {Juan{-}David Guerrero{-}Balaguera and
                  Josie E. Rodriguez Condia and
                  Matteo Sonza Reorda},
  title        = {A New Method to Generate Software Test Libraries for In-Field {GPU}
                  Testing Resorting to High-Level Languages},
  booktitle    = {{VTS}},
  pages        = {1--7},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2022}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/wacv/BohacekH22,
  author       = {Maty{\'{a}}s Boh{\'{a}}cek and
                  Marek Hr{\'{u}}z},
  title        = {Sign Pose-based Transformer for Word-level Sign Language Recognition},
  booktitle    = {{WACV} (Workshops)},
  pages        = {182--191},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2201-10927,
  author       = {Shuang Li and
                  Xuming Hu and
                  Li Lin and
                  Lijie Wen},
  title        = {Pair-Level Supervised Contrastive Learning for Natural Language Inference},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2201.10927},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2201-11522,
  author       = {Benjamin Biggs and
                  Ian McInerney and
                  Eric C. Kerrigan and
                  George A. Constantinides},
  title        = {High-level Synthesis using the Julia Language},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2201.11522},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2201-12596,
  author       = {Zejun Li and
                  Zhihao Fan and
                  Huaixiao Tou and
                  Zhongyu Wei},
  title        = {{MVP:} Multi-Stage Vision-Language Pre-Training via Multi-Level Semantic
                  Alignment},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2201.12596},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2203-14395,
  author       = {Zaid Khan and
                  Vijay Kumar B. G and
                  Xiang Yu and
                  Samuel Schulter and
                  Manmohan Chandraker and
                  Yun Fu},
  title        = {Single-Stream Multi-Level Alignment for Vision-Language Pretraining},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2203.14395},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2204-04916,
  author       = {Biao Fu and
                  Peigen Ye and
                  Liang Zhang and
                  Pei Yu and
                  Cong Hu and
                  Yidong Chen and
                  Xiaodong Shi},
  title        = {ConSLT: {A} Token-level Contrastive Framework for Sign Language Translation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2204.04916},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2204-07289,
  author       = {Apoorv Garg and
                  Deval Srivastava and
                  Zhiyang Xu and
                  Lifu Huang},
  title        = {Identifying and Measuring Token-Level Sentiment Bias in Pre-trained
                  Language Models with Prompts},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2204.07289},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2204-07746,
  author       = {Keigo Takahashi and
                  Danushka Bollegala},
  title        = {Unsupervised Attention-based Sentence-Level Meta-Embeddings from Contextualised
                  Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2204.07746},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2204-10938,
  author       = {Yubo Zhang and
                  Feiyang Niu and
                  Qing Ping and
                  Govind Thattai},
  title        = {A Multi-level Alignment Training Scheme for Video-and-Language Grounding},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2204.10938},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2205-03656,
  author       = {Shining Liang and
                  Linjun Shou and
                  Jian Pei and
                  Ming Gong and
                  Wanli Zuo and
                  Xianglin Zuo and
                  Daxin Jiang},
  title        = {Multi-level Contrastive Learning for Cross-lingual Spoken Language
                  Understanding},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2205.03656},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2205-04028,
  author       = {Chilam Cheang and
                  Haitao Lin and
                  Yanwei Fu and
                  Xiangyang Xue},
  title        = {Learning 6-DoF Object Poses to Grasp Category-level Objects by Language
                  Instructions},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2205.04028},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2205-15550,
  author       = {Shuang Li and
                  Xuming Hu and
                  Li Lin and
                  Aiwei Liu and
                  Lijie Wen and
                  Philip S. Yu},
  title        = {A Multi-level Supervised Contrastive Learning Framework for Low-Resource
                  Natural Language Inference},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2205.15550},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2206-12839,
  author       = {Disha Shrivastava and
                  Hugo Larochelle and
                  Daniel Tarlow},
  title        = {Repository-Level Prompt Generation for Large Language Models of Code},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2206.12839},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2207-11280,
  author       = {Fenia Christopoulou and
                  Gerasimos Lampouras and
                  Milan Gritta and
                  Guchun Zhang and
                  Yinpeng Guo and
                  Zhongqi Li and
                  Qi Zhang and
                  Meng Xiao and
                  Bo Shen and
                  Lin Li and
                  Hao Yu and
                  Li Yan and
                  Pingyi Zhou and
                  Xin Wang and
                  Yuchi Ma and
                  Ignacio Iacobacci and
                  Yasheng Wang and
                  Guangtai Liang and
                  Jiansheng Wei and
                  Xin Jiang and
                  Qianxiang Wang and
                  Qun Liu},
  title        = {PanGu-Coder: Program Synthesis with Function-Level Language Modeling},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2207.11280},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2208-11303,
  author       = {Xinnian Liang and
                  Chenhao Cui and
                  Shuangzhi Wu and
                  Jiali Zeng and
                  Yufan Jiang and
                  Zhoujun Li},
  title        = {Modeling Paragraph-Level Vision-Language Semantic Alignment for Multi-Modal
                  Summarization},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2208.11303},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2209-11035,
  author       = {Hugo Queiroz Abonizio and
                  Leandro Rodrigues de Souza and
                  Roberto de Alencar Lotufo and
                  Rodrigo Frassetto Nogueira},
  title        = {MonoByte: {A} Pool of Monolingual Byte-level Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2209.11035},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2210-03992,
  author       = {Asahi Ushio and
                  Fernando Alva{-}Manchego and
                  Jos{\'{e}} Camacho{-}Collados},
  title        = {Generative Language Models for Paragraph-Level Question Generation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2210.03992},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2210-06376,
  author       = {Daniel Loureiro and
                  Al{\'{\i}}pio M{\'{a}}rio Jorge},
  title        = {Probing Commonsense Knowledge in Pre-trained Language Models with
                  Sense-level Precision and Expanded Vocabulary},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2210.06376},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2210-12328,
  author       = {Hao Wang and
                  Yixin Cao and
                  Yangguang Li and
                  Zhen Huang and
                  Kun Wang and
                  Jing Shao},
  title        = {R\({}^{\mbox{2}}\)F: {A} General Retrieval, Reading and Fusion Framework
                  for Document-level Natural Language Inference},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2210.12328},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2210-14567,
  author       = {Hexin Liu and
                  Haihua Xu and
                  Leibny Paola Garc{\'{\i}}a and
                  Andy W. H. Khong and
                  Yi He and
                  Sanjeev Khudanpur},
  title        = {Reducing Language confusion for Code-switching Speech Recognition
                  with Token-level Language Diarization},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2210.14567},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2210-15734,
  author       = {Siddhant Arora and
                  Siddharth Dalmia and
                  Brian Yan and
                  Florian Metze and
                  Alan W. Black and
                  Shinji Watanabe},
  title        = {Token-level Sequence Labeling for Spoken Language Understanding using
                  Compositional End-to-End Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2210.15734},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2210-17143,
  author       = {Eungbeom Kim and
                  Jinhee Kim and
                  Yoori Oh and
                  Kyungsu Kim and
                  Minju Park and
                  Jaeheon Sim and
                  Jinwoo Lee and
                  Kyogu Lee},
  title        = {Improving Audio-Language Learning with MixGen and Multi-Level Test-Time
                  Augmentation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2210.17143},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2211-00586,
  author       = {Chan{-}Jan Hsu and
                  Ho{-}Lam Chung and
                  Hung{-}yi Lee and
                  Yu Tsao},
  title        = {T5lephone: Bridging Speech and Text Self-supervised Models for Spoken
                  Language Understanding via Phoneme level {T5}},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2211.00586},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2211-00621,
  author       = {Lars Hummelgren and
                  John Wikman and
                  Oscar Eriksson and
                  Philipp Haller and
                  David Broman},
  title        = {Expression Acceleration: Seamless Parallelization of Typed High-Level
                  Languages},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2211.00621},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2211-01200,
  author       = {Mingqi Li and
                  Fei Ding and
                  Dan Zhang and
                  Long Cheng and
                  Hongxin Hu and
                  Feng Luo},
  title        = {Multi-level Distillation of Semantic Knowledge for Pre-training Multilingual
                  Language Model},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2211.01200},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2211-01910,
  author       = {Yongchao Zhou and
                  Andrei Ioan Muresanu and
                  Ziwen Han and
                  Keiran Paster and
                  Silviu Pitis and
                  Harris Chan and
                  Jimmy Ba},
  title        = {Large Language Models Are Human-Level Prompt Engineers},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2211.01910},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2211-09847,
  author       = {H. L. Shashirekha and
                  Fazlourrahman Balouchzahi and
                  M. D. Anusha and
                  Grigori Sidorov},
  title        = {CoLI-Machine Learning Approaches for Code-mixed Language Identification
                  at the Word Level in Kannada-English Texts},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2211.09847},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2211-12677,
  author       = {Chu{-}Tak Lee and
                  Qipeng Guo and
                  Xipeng Qiu},
  title        = {Word-Level Representation From Bytes For Language Modeling},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2211.12677},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2211-14447,
  author       = {Atra Akandeh},
  title        = {Sentence-Level Sign Language Recognition Framework},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2211.14447},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2211-14459,
  author       = {Atnafu Lambebo Tonja and
                  Mesay Gemeda Yigezu and
                  Olga Kolesnikova and
                  Moein Shahiki Tash and
                  Grigori Sidorov and
                  Alexander F. Gelbukh},
  title        = {Transformer-based Model for Word Level Language Identification in
                  Code-mixed Kannada-English Texts},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2211.14459},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2212-00596,
  author       = {Gabriele Merlin and
                  Mariya Toneva},
  title        = {Language models and brain alignment: beyond word-level semantics and
                  prediction},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2212.00596},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2212-04231,
  author       = {Bj{\"{o}}rn Pl{\"{u}}ster and
                  Jakob Ambsdorf and
                  Lukas Braach and
                  Jae Hee Lee and
                  Stefan Wermter},
  title        = {Harnessing the Power of Multi-Task Pretraining for Ground-Truth Level
                  Natural Language Explanations},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2212.04231},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2212-05421,
  author       = {Yougang Lyu and
                  Piji Li and
                  Yechang Yang and
                  Maarten de Rijke and
                  Pengjie Ren and
                  Yukun Zhao and
                  Dawei Yin and
                  Zhaochun Ren},
  title        = {Feature-Level Debiased Natural Language Understanding},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2212.05421},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2212-05961,
  author       = {Zhengqing Yuan and
                  Zhuanzhe Zhao and
                  Yongming Liu and
                  Xiaolong Zhang and
                  Xuecong Hou and
                  Yue Wang},
  title        = {{RPN:} {A} Word Vector Level Data Augmentation Algorithm in Deep Learning
                  for Language Understanding},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2212.05961},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2212-07752,
  author       = {Hongyuan Lu and
                  Haoyang Huang and
                  Shuming Ma and
                  Dongdong Zhang and
                  Wai Lam and
                  Furu Wei},
  title        = {{TRIP:} Triangular Document-level Pre-training for Multilingual Language
                  Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2212.07752},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2212-08999,
  author       = {Shabnam Behzad and
                  Amir Zeldes and
                  Nathan Schneider},
  title        = {Sentence-level Feedback Generation for English Language Learners:
                  Does Data Augmentation Help?},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2212.08999},
  year         = {2022}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2212-09897,
  author       = {Jing Huang and
                  Zhengxuan Wu and
                  Kyle Mahowald and
                  Christopher Potts},
  title        = {Inducing Character-level Structure in Subword-based Language Models
                  with Type-level Interchange Intervention Training},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2212.09897},
  year         = {2022}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/dnb/Qiao21,
  author       = {Bo Qiao},
  title        = {System-Level Optimization and Code Generation for Graphics Processors
                  using a Domain-Specific Language},
  school       = {University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/cviu/LandiBCCC21,
  author       = {Federico Landi and
                  Lorenzo Baraldi and
                  Marcella Cornia and
                  Massimiliano Corsini and
                  Rita Cucchiara},
  title        = {Multimodal attention networks for low-level vision-and-language navigation},
  journal      = {Comput. Vis. Image Underst.},
  volume       = {210},
  pages        = {103255},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/dke/FonsecaAGC21,
  author       = {Claudenir M. Fonseca and
                  Jo{\~{a}}o Paulo A. Almeida and
                  Giancarlo Guizzardi and
                  Victorio Albani de Carvalho},
  title        = {Multi-level conceptual modeling: Theory, language and application},
  journal      = {Data Knowl. Eng.},
  volume       = {134},
  pages        = {101894},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/eait/UnalT21,
  author       = {Alper Unal and
                  Fatma Burcu Topu},
  title        = {Effects of teaching a computer programming language via hybrid interface
                  on anxiety, cognitive load level and achievement of high school students},
  journal      = {Educ. Inf. Technol.},
  volume       = {26},
  number       = {5},
  pages        = {5291--5309},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/fac/LaraG21,
  author       = {Juan de Lara and
                  Esther Guerra},
  title        = {Language Family Engineering with Product Lines of Multi-level Models},
  journal      = {Formal Aspects Comput.},
  volume       = {33},
  number       = {6},
  pages        = {1173--1208},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ijet/Zhang21e,
  author       = {Xiaodong Zhang},
  title        = {Revisiting Computer-Assisted Language Teaching: What Else Do Tertiary-Level
                  {EFL} Teachers Need to Know?},
  journal      = {Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn.},
  volume       = {16},
  number       = {15},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jib/SmithBGHKNSWK21,
  author       = {Lucian P. Smith and
                  Frank T. Bergmann and
                  Alan Garny and
                  Tom{\'{a}}s Helikar and
                  Jonathan R. Karr and
                  David P. Nickerson and
                  Herbert M. Sauro and
                  Dagmar Waltemath and
                  Matthias K{\"{o}}nig},
  title        = {The simulation experiment description markup language {(SED-ML):}
                  language specification for level 1 version 4},
  journal      = {J. Integr. Bioinform.},
  volume       = {18},
  number       = {3},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jois/PAIS21,
  author       = {Ajees A. P and
                  K. J. Abrar and
                  Sumam Mary Idicula and
                  M. Sreenathan},
  title        = {A Deep Level Tagger for Malayalam, a Morphologically Rich Language},
  journal      = {J. Intell. Syst.},
  volume       = {30},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {115--129},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/lre/BhanjaLL21,
  author       = {Chuya China Bhanja and
                  Mohammad Azharuddin Laskar and
                  Rabul Hussain Laskar},
  title        = {Modelling multi-level prosody and spectral features using deep neural
                  network for an automatic tonal and non-tonal pre-classification-based
                  Indian language identification system},
  journal      = {Lang. Resour. Evaluation},
  volume       = {55},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {689--730},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/pacmpl/XuK21,
  author       = {Haoran Xu and
                  Fredrik Kjolstad},
  title        = {Copy-and-patch compilation: a fast compilation algorithm for high-level
                  languages and bytecode},
  journal      = {Proc. {ACM} Program. Lang.},
  volume       = {5},
  number       = {{OOPSLA}},
  pages        = {1--30},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/peerj-cs/AlhawaratAH21,
  author       = {Mohammad O. Alhawarat and
                  Hikmat Awad Mohammad Abdeljaber and
                  Anwer Mustafa Hilal},
  title        = {Effect of stemming on text similarity for Arabic language at sentence
                  level},
  journal      = {PeerJ Comput. Sci.},
  volume       = {7},
  pages        = {e530},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/rita/KerschbaumerKGL21,
  author       = {Ricardo Kerschbaumer and
                  Andr{\'{e}} Augusto Kaviatkovski and
                  Gabriel Rodrigues Garcia and
                  Carlos Raimundo Erig Lima and
                  Jean Marcelo Sim{\~{a}}o},
  title        = {The Notification Oriented Paradigm Language to Digital Hardware as
                  an Intuitive High-level Synthesis Tool},
  journal      = {{RITA}},
  volume       = {28},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {90--106},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/sensors/ParkPJYS21,
  author       = {Sangmin Park and
                  Sungho Park and
                  Harim Jeong and
                  Ilsoo Yun and
                  Jaehyun So},
  title        = {Scenario-Mining for Level 4 Automated Vehicle Safety Assessment from
                  Real Accident Situations in Urban Areas Using a Natural Language Process},
  journal      = {Sensors},
  volume       = {21},
  number       = {20},
  pages        = {6929},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/synthese/Grimau21,
  author       = {Berta Grimau},
  title        = {In defence of Higher-Level Plural Logic: drawing conclusions from
                  natural language},
  journal      = {Synth.},
  volume       = {198},
  number       = {6},
  pages        = {5253--5280},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/talip/ZhangK21,
  author       = {Longtu Zhang and
                  Mamoru Komachi},
  title        = {Using Sub-character Level Information for Neural Machine Translation
                  of Logographic Languages},
  journal      = {{ACM} Trans. Asian Low Resour. Lang. Inf. Process.},
  volume       = {20},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {31:1--31:15},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/vlc/VjesticaDPKRL21,
  author       = {Marko Vjestica and
                  Vladimir Dimitrieski and
                  Milan Pisaric and
                  Slavica Kordic and
                  Sonja Ristic and
                  Ivan Lukovic},
  title        = {Multi-level production process modeling language},
  journal      = {J. Comput. Lang.},
  volume       = {66},
  pages        = {101053},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/YinRX21,
  author       = {Wenpeng Yin and
                  Dragomir R. Radev and
                  Caiming Xiong},
  title        = {DocNLI: {A} Large-scale Dataset for Document-level Natural Language
                  Inference},
  booktitle    = {{ACL/IJCNLP} (Findings)},
  series       = {Findings of {ACL}},
  volume       = {{ACL/IJCNLP} 2021},
  pages        = {4913--4922},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/ZhongGKS21,
  author       = {Ruiqi Zhong and
                  Dhruba Ghosh and
                  Dan Klein and
                  Jacob Steinhardt},
  title        = {Are Larger Pretrained Language Models Uniformly Better? Comparing
                  Performance at the Instance Level},
  booktitle    = {{ACL/IJCNLP} (Findings)},
  series       = {Findings of {ACL}},
  volume       = {{ACL/IJCNLP} 2021},
  pages        = {3813--3827},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ai/RenwickB21,
  author       = {Tobias Renwick and
                  Denilson Barbosa},
  title        = {Detection and Identification of Obfuscated Obscene Language with Character
                  Level Transformers},
  booktitle    = {Canadian {AI}},
  publisher    = {Canadian Artificial Intelligence Association},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/asplos/Pit-ClaudelBLAC21,
  author       = {Cl{\'{e}}ment Pit{-}Claudel and
                  Thomas Bourgeat and
                  Stella Lau and
                  Arvind and
                  Adam Chlipala},
  title        = {Effective simulation and debugging for a high-level hardware language
                  using software compilers},
  booktitle    = {{ASPLOS}},
  pages        = {789--803},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/corl/BlukisPFGA21,
  author       = {Valts Blukis and
                  Chris Paxton and
                  Dieter Fox and
                  Animesh Garg and
                  Yoav Artzi},
  title        = {A Persistent Spatial Semantic Representation for High-level Natural
                  Language Instruction Execution},
  booktitle    = {CoRL},
  series       = {Proceedings of Machine Learning Research},
  volume       = {164},
  pages        = {706--717},
  publisher    = {{PMLR}},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cvpr/WangZL0L21,
  author       = {Hao Wang and
                  Zheng{-}Jun Zha and
                  Liang Li and
                  Dong Liu and
                  Jiebo Luo},
  title        = {Structured Multi-Level Interaction Network for Video Moment Localization
                  via Language Query},
  booktitle    = {{CVPR}},
  pages        = {7026--7035},
  publisher    = {Computer Vision Foundation / {IEEE}},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/dac/MuttakiMTF21,
  author       = {Md Rafid Muttaki and
                  Roshanak Mohammadivojdan and
                  Mark M. Tehranipoor and
                  Farimah Farahmandi},
  title        = {HLock: Locking IPs at the High-Level Language},
  booktitle    = {{DAC}},
  pages        = {79--84},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/KoreedaM21,
  author       = {Yuta Koreeda and
                  Christopher D. Manning},
  title        = {ContractNLI: {A} Dataset for Document-level Natural Language Inference
                  for Contracts},
  booktitle    = {{EMNLP} (Findings)},
  pages        = {1907--1919},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/RaoZL21,
  author       = {Simin Rao and
                  Hua Zheng and
                  Sujian Li},
  title        = {Cross-Lingual Leveled Reading Based on Language-Invariant Features},
  booktitle    = {{EMNLP} (Findings)},
  pages        = {2677--2682},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/TanZZ21,
  author       = {Xin Tan and
                  Longyin Zhang and
                  Guodong Zhou},
  title        = {Coupling Context Modeling with Zero Pronoun Recovering for Document-Level
                  Natural Language Generation},
  booktitle    = {{EMNLP} {(1)}},
  pages        = {2530--2540},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/ZhangKO21,
  author       = {Ying Zhang and
                  Hidetaka Kamigaito and
                  Manabu Okumura},
  title        = {A Language Model-based Generative Classifier for Sentence-level Discourse
                  Parsing},
  booktitle    = {{EMNLP} {(1)}},
  pages        = {2432--2446},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fccm/WangHHC21,
  author       = {Chengyue Wang and
                  Sitao Huang and
                  Wen{-}Mei Hwu and
                  Deming Chen},
  title        = {Extending {HLS} with High-Level Descriptive Language for Configurable
                  Algorithm-Level Spatial Structure Design},
  booktitle    = {{FCCM}},
  pages        = {261},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fdl/DallOraAFAF21,
  author       = {Nicola Dall'Ora and
                  Sadia Azam and
                  Enrico Fraccaroli and
                  Andr{\'{e}} Alberts and
                  Franco Fummi},
  title        = {A Common Manipulation Framework for Transistor-Level Languages},
  booktitle    = {{FDL}},
  pages        = {1--7},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fpt/ZhangFO21,
  author       = {Nathan Zhang and
                  Matthew Feldman and
                  Kunle Olukotun},
  title        = {High performance lattice regression on FPGAs via a high level hardware
                  description language},
  booktitle    = {{FPT}},
  pages        = {1--10},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/hci/MorenoDPH021,
  author       = {Maria Moreno and
                  Sonia Duran and
                  Margel Parra and
                  Irmina Hern{\'{a}}ndez{-}S{\'{a}}nchez and
                  Javier Ram{\'{\i}}rez},
  title        = {Use of Virtual Resources as a Tool for Teaching Language Skills at
                  the Colombian Caribbean Region Primary Basic Level},
  booktitle    = {{HCI} {(45)}},
  series       = {Communications in Computer and Information Science},
  volume       = {1499},
  pages        = {286--293},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/hci/SilvaPLSAFC21,
  author       = {Tiago Barros Pontes e Silva and
                  Raquel Pereira Pacheco and
                  Mariana da Silva Lima and
                  Mauricio Miranda Sarmet and
                  Maria Lu{\'{\i}}sa de Carvalho Cascelli de Azevedo and
                  Vitor Henrique Malcher Ferreira and
                  Carla Denise Castanho},
  title        = {Game Design, Creativity and e-Learning: The Challenges of Beginner
                  Level Immersive Language Learning Games},
  booktitle    = {{HCI} {(29)}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {12790},
  pages        = {256--275},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icassp/TengQCZ021,
  author       = {Dechuan Teng and
                  Libo Qin and
                  Wanxiang Che and
                  Sendong Zhao and
                  Ting Liu},
  title        = {Injecting Word Information with Multi-Level Word Adapter for Chinese
                  Spoken Language Understanding},
  booktitle    = {{ICASSP}},
  pages        = {8188--8192},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icml/LiZGZZSS21,
  author       = {Zhuohan Li and
                  Siyuan Zhuang and
                  Shiyuan Guo and
                  Danyang Zhuo and
                  Hao Zhang and
                  Dawn Song and
                  Ion Stoica},
  title        = {TeraPipe: Token-Level Pipeline Parallelism for Training Large-Scale
                  Language Models},
  booktitle    = {{ICML}},
  series       = {Proceedings of Machine Learning Research},
  volume       = {139},
  pages        = {6543--6552},
  publisher    = {{PMLR}},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icsca/IlonaB21,
  author       = {Kwee Felicia Ilona and
                  Indra Budi},
  title        = {Classification of Inundation Level using Tweets in Indonesian Language},
  booktitle    = {{ICSCA}},
  pages        = {137--143},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icsengt/NetisopakulT21,
  author       = {Ponrudee Netisopakul and
                  Usanisa Taoto},
  title        = {Word-level Text Generation from Language Models},
  booktitle    = {{ICSET}},
  pages        = {60--65},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/naacl/MishraPVLKT21,
  author       = {Anshuman Mishra and
                  Dhruvesh Patel and
                  Aparna Vijayakumar and
                  Xiang Lorraine Li and
                  Pavan Kapanipathi and
                  Kartik Talamadupula},
  title        = {Looking Beyond Sentence-Level Natural Language Inference for Question
                  Answering and Text Summarization},
  booktitle    = {{NAACL-HLT}},
  pages        = {1322--1336},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/naacl/SugiyamaY21,
  author       = {Amane Sugiyama and
                  Naoki Yoshinaga},
  title        = {Context-aware Decoder for Neural Machine Translation using a Target-side
                  Document-Level Language Model},
  booktitle    = {{NAACL-HLT}},
  pages        = {5781--5791},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/nsdi/QianMLFLYLZCZ21,
  author       = {Zhengping Qian and
                  Chenqiang Min and
                  Longbin Lai and
                  Yong Fang and
                  Gaofeng Li and
                  Youyang Yao and
                  Bingqing Lyu and
                  Xiaoli Zhou and
                  Zhimin Chen and
                  Jingren Zhou},
  title        = {{GAIA:} {A} System for Interactive Analysis on Distributed Graphs
                  Using a High-Level Language},
  booktitle    = {{NSDI}},
  pages        = {321--335},
  publisher    = {{USENIX} Association},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/pricai/LopezCCC21,
  author       = {Luis Enrico Lopez and
                  Diane Kathryn Cruz and
                  Jan Christian Blaise Cruz and
                  Charibeth Cheng},
  title        = {Simplifying Paragraph-Level Question Generation via Transformer Language
                  Models},
  booktitle    = {{PRICAI} {(2)}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {13032},
  pages        = {323--334},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/sblp/KaplanI21,
  author       = {Leonardo Kaplan and
                  Roberto Ierusalimschy},
  title        = {Evaluating Optimizations for a High-Level Language},
  booktitle    = {{SBLP}},
  pages        = {25--32},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/semeval/KingPFC21,
  author       = {Milton King and
                  Ali Hakimi Parizi and
                  Samin Fakharian and
                  Paul Cook},
  title        = {{UNBNLP} at SemEval-2021 Task 1: Predicting lexical complexity with
                  masked language models and character-level encoders},
  booktitle    = {SemEval@ACL/IJCNLP},
  pages        = {650--654},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/sigsoft/VasilakisNHR21,
  author       = {Nikos Vasilakis and
                  Grigoris Ntousakis and
                  Veit Heller and
                  Martin C. Rinard},
  title        = {Efficient module-level dynamic analysis for dynamic languages with
                  module recontextualization},
  booktitle    = {{ESEC/SIGSOFT} {FSE}},
  pages        = {1202--1213},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/simbig/AriasF21,
  author       = {Tereza Yallico Arias and
                  Junior Fabian},
  title        = {Automatic Detection of Levels of Intimate Partner Violence Against
                  Women with Natural Language Processing Using Machine Learning and
                  Deep Learning Techniques},
  booktitle    = {SIMBig},
  series       = {Communications in Computer and Information Science},
  volume       = {1577},
  pages        = {189--205},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/smc/IrvineZKSJ21,
  author       = {Patrick Irvine and
                  Xizhe Zhang and
                  Siddartha Khastgir and
                  Edward Schwalb and
                  Paul A. Jennings},
  title        = {A Two-Level Abstraction {ODD} Definition Language: Part {I}},
  booktitle    = {{SMC}},
  pages        = {2614--2621},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/smc/SchwalbIZKJ21,
  author       = {Edward Schwalb and
                  Patrick Irvine and
                  Xizhe Zhang and
                  Siddartha Khastgir and
                  Paul A. Jennings},
  title        = {A Two-Level Abstraction {ODD} Definition Language: Part {II}},
  booktitle    = {{SMC}},
  pages        = {1669--1676},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/tacc/StaifiB21,
  author       = {Noureddine Staifi and
                  Meriem Belguidoum},
  title        = {Multi-Level {SLA} Specification Language for IoT Applications},
  booktitle    = {{TACC}},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
  volume       = {3067},
  pages        = {49--61},
  publisher    = {CEUR-WS.org},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/tsd/GolestaniRBTF21,
  author       = {Melika Golestani and
                  Seyedeh Zahra Razavi and
                  Zeinab Borhanifard and
                  Farnaz Tahmasebian and
                  Hesham Faili},
  title        = {Using {BERT} Encoding and Sentence-Level Language Model for Sentence
                  Ordering},
  booktitle    = {{TDS}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {12848},
  pages        = {318--330},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/visapp/ChaabanGB21,
  author       = {Hussein Chaaban and
                  Mich{\`{e}}le Gouiff{\`{e}}s and
                  Annelies Braffort},
  title        = {Automatic Annotation and Segmentation of Sign Language Videos: Base-level
                  Features and Lexical Signs Classification},
  booktitle    = {{VISIGRAPP} {(5:} {VISAPP)}},
  pages        = {484--491},
  publisher    = {{SCITEPRESS}},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/wacv/HosainSPRK21,
  author       = {Al Amin Hosain and
                  Panneer Selvam Santhalingam and
                  Parth H. Pathak and
                  Huzefa Rangwala and
                  Jana Koseck{\'{a}}},
  title        = {Hand Pose Guided 3D Pooling for Word-level Sign Language Recognition},
  booktitle    = {{WACV}},
  pages        = {3428--3438},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2021}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/wi/KinderenK21,
  author       = {Sybren de Kinderen and
                  Monika Kaczmarek{-}He{\ss}},
  title        = {Making a Case for Multi-level Reference Modeling - {A} Comparison
                  of Conventional and Multi-level Language Architectures for Reference
                  Modeling Challenges},
  booktitle    = {Wirtschaftsinformatik},
  publisher    = {AISeL},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2101-09469,
  author       = {Junqiu Wei and
                  Qun Liu and
                  Yinpeng Guo and
                  Xin Jiang},
  title        = {Training Multilingual Pre-trained Language Model with Byte-level Subwords},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2101.09469},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2102-07988,
  author       = {Zhuohan Li and
                  Siyuan Zhuang and
                  Shiyuan Guo and
                  Danyang Zhuo and
                  Hao Zhang and
                  Dawn Song and
                  Ion Stoica},
  title        = {TeraPipe: Token-Level Pipeline Parallelism for Training Large-Scale
                  Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2102.07988},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2103-07829,
  author       = {Chenliang Li and
                  Ming Yan and
                  Haiyang Xu and
                  Fuli Luo and
                  Wei Wang and
                  Bin Bi and
                  Songfang Huang},
  title        = {SemVLP: Vision-Language Pre-training by Aligning Semantics at Multiple
                  Levels},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2103.07829},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2103-07875,
  author       = {Heewoong Park and
                  Sukhyun Cho and
                  Jonghun Park},
  title        = {Learning a Word-Level Language Model with Sentence-Level Noise Contrastive
                  Estimation for Contextual Sentence Probability Estimation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2103.07875},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2104-01122,
  author       = {Tsu{-}Jui Fu and
                  Xin Eric Wang and
                  Scott T. Grafton and
                  Miguel P. Eckstein and
                  William Yang Wang},
  title        = {Language-based Video Editing via Multi-Modal Multi-Level Transformer},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2104.01122},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2105-05227,
  author       = {Yu Guo},
  title        = {Doing Natural Language Processing in {A} Natural Way: An {NLP} toolkit
                  based on object-oriented knowledge base and multi-level grammar base},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2105.05227},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2105-06020,
  author       = {Ruiqi Zhong and
                  Dhruba Ghosh and
                  Dan Klein and
                  Jacob Steinhardt},
  title        = {Are Larger Pretrained Language Models Uniformly Better? Comparing
                  Performance at the Instance Level},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2105.06020},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2106-09449,
  author       = {Wenpeng Yin and
                  Dragomir R. Radev and
                  Caiming Xiong},
  title        = {DocNLI: {A} Large-scale Dataset for Document-level Natural Language
                  Inference},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2106.09449},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2106-15989,
  author       = {Mizuki Maruyama and
                  Shuvozit Ghose and
                  Katsufumi Inoue and
                  Partha Pratim Roy and
                  Masakazu Iwamura and
                  Michifumi Yoshioka},
  title        = {Word-level Sign Language Recognition with Multi-stream Neural Networks
                  Focusing on Local Regions},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2106.15989},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2107-00439,
  author       = {Shammur Absar Chowdhury and
                  Nadir Durrani and
                  Ahmed Ali},
  title        = {What do End-to-End Speech Models Learn about Speaker, Language and
                  Channel Information? {A} Layer-wise and Neuron-level Analysis},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2107.00439},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2107-05612,
  author       = {Valts Blukis and
                  Chris Paxton and
                  Dieter Fox and
                  Animesh Garg and
                  Yoav Artzi},
  title        = {A Persistent Spatial Semantic Representation for High-level Natural
                  Language Instruction Execution},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2107.05612},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2108-10986,
  author       = {Melika Golestani and
                  Seyedeh Zahra Razavi and
                  Zeinab Borhanifard and
                  Farnaz Tahmasebian and
                  Hesham Faili},
  title        = {Using {BERT} Encoding and Sentence-Level Language Model for Sentence
                  Ordering},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2108.10986},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2109-04870,
  author       = {Kepa Bengoetxea and
                  Itziar Gonzalez{-}Dios},
  title        = {MultiAzterTest: a Multilingual Analyzer on Multiple Levels of Language
                  for Readability Assessment},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2109.04870},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2109-06772,
  author       = {No{\"{e}}mi Aepli and
                  Rico Sennrich},
  title        = {Improving Zero-shot Cross-lingual Transfer between Closely Related
                  Languages by injecting Character-level Noise},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2109.06772},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2110-01799,
  author       = {Yuta Koreeda and
                  Christopher D. Manning},
  title        = {ContractNLI: {A} Dataset for Document-level Natural Language Inference
                  for Contracts},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2110.01799},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2110-04406,
  author       = {Alan Lundgard and
                  Arvind Satyanarayan},
  title        = {Accessible Visualization via Natural Language Descriptions: {A} Four-Level
                  Model of Semantic Content},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2110.04406},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2110-07244,
  author       = {Quan Wang and
                  Songtai Dai and
                  Benfeng Xu and
                  Yajuan Lyu and
                  Yong Zhu and
                  Hua Wu and
                  Haifeng Wang},
  title        = {Building Chinese Biomedical Language Models via Multi-Level Text Discrimination},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2110.07244},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2112-06240,
  author       = {Ao Liu and
                  Congjian Luo and
                  Naoaki Okazaki},
  title        = {Improving Logical-Level Natural Language Generation with Topic-Conditioned
                  Data Augmentation and Logical Form Generation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2112.06240},
  year         = {2021}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2112-08709,
  author       = {Chia{-}Hsuan Lee and
                  Aditya Siddhant and
                  Viresh Ratnakar and
                  Melvin Johnson},
  title        = {DOCmT5: Document-Level Pretraining of Multilingual Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2112.08709},
  year         = {2021}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/basesearch/Paudyal20,
  author       = {Prajwal Paudyal},
  title        = {Towards Building an Intelligent Tutor for Gestural Languages using
                  Concept Level Explainable {AI}},
  school       = {Arizona State University, Tempe, {USA}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/ch/Parreaux20,
  author       = {Lionel Parreaux},
  title        = {Type-Safe Metaprogramming and Compilation Techniques For Designing
                  Efficient Systems in High-Level Languages},
  school       = {EPFL, Switzerland},
  year         = {2020}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/us/Dakkak20,
  author       = {Abdul Dakkak},
  title        = {Compiling high-level scripting languages to performant code},
  school       = {University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, {USA}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/us/Park20,
  author       = {Taemin Park},
  title        = {Comprehensive Protection for Dynamically-typed Languages: Avoiding
                  the Pitfalls of Language-level Sandboxing},
  school       = {University of California, Irvine, {USA}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/access/HeXY20,
  author       = {Keqing He and
                  Weiran Xu and
                  Yuanmeng Yan},
  title        = {Multi-Level Cross-Lingual Transfer Learning With Language Shared and
                  Specific Knowledge for Spoken Language Understanding},
  journal      = {{IEEE} Access},
  volume       = {8},
  pages        = {29407--29416},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/cgf/GeZLRCW20,
  author       = {T. Ge and
                  Yue Zhao and
                  B. Lee and
                  D. Ren and
                  B. Chen and
                  Y. Wang},
  title        = {Canis: {A} High-Level Language for Data-Driven Chart Animations},
  journal      = {Comput. Graph. Forum},
  volume       = {39},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {607--617},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/eswa/RoostaeeFS20,
  author       = {Meysam Roostaee and
                  Seyed Mostafa Fakhrahmad and
                  Mohammad Hadi Sadreddini},
  title        = {Cross-language text alignment: {A} proposed two-level matching scheme
                  for plagiarism detection},
  journal      = {Expert Syst. Appl.},
  volume       = {160},
  pages        = {113718},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ijcat/JnanamurthyJHPW20,
  author       = {H. K. Jnanamurthy and
                  Raoul Jetley and
                  Frans Henskens and
                  David J. Paul and
                  Mark Wallis and
                  Sithu D. Sudarsan},
  title        = {Multi-level analysis of {IEC} 61131-3 languages to detect clones},
  journal      = {Int. J. Comput. Appl. Technol.},
  volume       = {63},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {286--299},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ijsg/WenDLLH20,
  author       = {Ju May Wen and
                  Hai Dung Do and
                  Eric Zhi{-}Feng Liu and
                  Chun{-}Hung Lin and
                  Shihping Kevin Huang},
  title        = {Educational Board Game and Flashcard: Which one is better for learners
                  at beginner level of Chinese language?},
  journal      = {Int. J. Serious Games},
  volume       = {7},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {89--104},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jib/SmithMBGKKMSWH20,
  author       = {Lucian P. Smith and
                  Stuart L. Moodie and
                  Frank T. Bergmann and
                  Colin S. Gillespie and
                  Sarah M. Keating and
                  Matthias K{\"{o}}nig and
                  Chris J. Myers and
                  Maciek J. Swat and
                  Darren J. Wilkinson and
                  Michael Hucka},
  title        = {Systems Biology Markup Language {(SBML)} Level 3 Package: Distributions,
                  Version 1, Release 1},
  journal      = {J. Integr. Bioinform.},
  volume       = {17},
  number       = {2-3},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jib/ZhangSBFHTKRDHF20,
  author       = {Fengkai Zhang and
                  Lucian P. Smith and
                  Michael L. Blinov and
                  James R. Faeder and
                  William S. Hlavacek and
                  Jos{\'{e}} Juan Tapia and
                  Sarah M. Keating and
                  Nicolas Rodriguez and
                  Andreas Dr{\"{a}}ger and
                  Leonard A. Harris and
                  Andrew Finney and
                  Bin Hu and
                  Michael Hucka and
                  Martin Meier{-}Schellersheim},
  title        = {Systems biology markup language {(SBML)} level 3 package: multistate,
                  multicomponent and multicompartment species, version 1, release 2},
  journal      = {J. Integr. Bioinform.},
  volume       = {17},
  number       = {2-3},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/llc/ColvinW20,
  author       = {Michelle Colvin and
                  Tessa C. Warren},
  title        = {Language comprehension models at different levels of explanation},
  journal      = {Lang. Linguistics Compass},
  volume       = {14},
  number       = {1},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/programming/WeisenburgerS20,
  author       = {Pascal Weisenburger and
                  Guido Salvaneschi},
  title        = {Implementing a Language for Distributed Systems: Choices and Experiences
                  with Type Level and Macro Programming in Scala},
  journal      = {Art Sci. Eng. Program.},
  volume       = {4},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {17},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/superfri/OsunaWTHF20,
  author       = {Carlos Osuna and
                  Tobias Wicky and
                  Fabian Thuering and
                  Torsten Hoefler and
                  Oliver Fuhrer},
  title        = {Dawn: a High-level Domain-Specific Language Compiler Toolchain for
                  Weather and Climate Applications},
  journal      = {Supercomput. Front. Innov.},
  volume       = {7},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {79--97},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/taslp/CaiCZL20,
  author       = {Weicheng Cai and
                  Jinkun Chen and
                  Jun Zhang and
                  Ming Li},
  title        = {On-the-Fly Data Loader and Utterance-Level Aggregation for Speaker
                  and Language Recognition},
  journal      = {{IEEE} {ACM} Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process.},
  volume       = {28},
  pages        = {1038--1051},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/tnn/ShuangLGLS20,
  author       = {Kai Shuang and
                  Rui Li and
                  Mengyu Gu and
                  Jonathan Loo and
                  Sen Su},
  title        = {Major-Minor Long Short-Term Memory for Word-Level Language Model},
  journal      = {{IEEE} Trans. Neural Networks Learn. Syst.},
  volume       = {31},
  number       = {10},
  pages        = {3932--3946},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aaai/GiacomoLT20,
  author       = {Giuseppe De Giacomo and
                  Yves Lesp{\'{e}}rance and
                  Eugenia Ternovska},
  title        = {ElGolog: {A} High-Level Programming Language with Memory of the Execution
                  History},
  booktitle    = {{AAAI}},
  pages        = {2806--2813},
  publisher    = {{AAAI} Press},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/IppolitoGEC20,
  author       = {Daphne Ippolito and
                  David Grangier and
                  Douglas Eck and
                  Chris Callison{-}Burch},
  title        = {Toward Better Storylines with Sentence-Level Language Models},
  booktitle    = {{ACL}},
  pages        = {7472--7478},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aiia/ZhanH19,
  author       = {Yue Zhan and
                  Michael S. Hsiao},
  title        = {Breaking Down High-level Robot Path-Finding Abstractions in Natural
                  Language Programming},
  booktitle    = {NL4AI@AI*IA},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
  volume       = {2735},
  pages        = {59--72},
  publisher    = {CEUR-WS.org},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aiia/ZhanH20,
  author       = {Yue Zhan and
                  Michael S. Hsiao},
  title        = {Breaking Down High-Level Robot Path-Finding Abstractions in Natural
                  Language Programming},
  booktitle    = {AI*IA},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {12414},
  pages        = {280--297},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/apsipa/IshizukaNNY20,
  author       = {Ryoto Ishizuka and
                  Ryo Nishikimi and
                  Eita Nakamura and
                  Kazuyoshi Yoshii},
  title        = {Tatum-Level Drum Transcription Based on a Convolutional Recurrent
                  Neural Network with Language Model-Based Regularized Training},
  booktitle    = {{APSIPA}},
  pages        = {359--364},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/bica/Jackson20,
  author       = {Philip C. Jackson},
  title        = {On achieving human-level knowledge representation by developing a
                  natural language of thought},
  booktitle    = {BICA*AI},
  series       = {Procedia Computer Science},
  volume       = {190},
  pages        = {388--407},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/bigdataconf/KilicDK20,
  author       = {Yuksel Pelin Kilic and
                  Duygu Dinc and
                  Pinar Karagoz},
  title        = {Named Entity Recognition on Morphologically Rich Language: Exploring
                  the Performance of {BERT} with varying Training Levels},
  booktitle    = {{IEEE} BigData},
  pages        = {4613--4619},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/bigdataconf/RabbyIHNR20,
  author       = {A. K. M. Shahariar Azad Rabby and
                  Md. Majedul Islam and
                  Nazmul Hasan and
                  Jebun Nahar and
                  Fuad Rahman},
  title        = {A Novel Deep Learning Character-Level Solution to Detect Language
                  and Printing Style from a Bilingual Scanned Document},
  booktitle    = {{IEEE} BigData},
  pages        = {5218--5226},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cf/LeidelDC20,
  author       = {John D. Leidel and
                  David Donofrio and
                  Frank Conlon},
  title        = {StoneCutter: a very high level instruction set design language},
  booktitle    = {{CF}},
  pages        = {233--236},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/chiir/LeighJ20,
  author       = {Tim Leigh and
                  Frances C. Johnson},
  title        = {Levelling the Playing Field: {A} Genre Analysis of Online Search Language
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  booktitle    = {{CHIIR}},
  pages        = {323--327},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/clar/Libal20,
  author       = {Tomer Libal},
  title        = {A Meta-level Annotation Language for Legal Texts},
  booktitle    = {{CLAR}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {12061},
  pages        = {131--150},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cogsci/WiegandK20,
  author       = {Gwen Wiegand and
                  Elisabeth A. Karuza},
  title        = {The influence of mismatched network topologies on learning across
                  levels of the language hierarchy},
  booktitle    = {CogSci},
  publisher    = {cognitivesciencesociety.org},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/coling/ParkKLCKL20,
  author       = {Sungrae Park and
                  Geewook Kim and
                  Junyeop Lee and
                  Junbum Cha and
                  Ji{-}Hoon Kim and
                  Hwalsuk Lee},
  title        = {Scale down Transformer by Grouping Features for a Lightweight Character-level
                  Language Model},
  booktitle    = {{COLING}},
  pages        = {6883--6893},
  publisher    = {International Committee on Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cui/EdwardsPD20,
  author       = {Justin Edwards and
                  Allison Perrone and
                  Philip R. Doyle},
  title        = {Transparency in Language Generation: Levels of Automation},
  booktitle    = {{CIU}},
  pages        = {26:1--26:3},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/eccv/GokceOKA20,
  author       = {{\c{C}}agri G{\"{o}}k{\c{c}}e and
                  Ogulcan {\"{O}}zdemir and
                  Ahmet Alp Kindiroglu and
                  Lale Akarun},
  title        = {Score-Level Multi Cue Fusion for Sign Language Recognition},
  booktitle    = {{ECCV} Workshops {(2)}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {12536},
  pages        = {294--309},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/Jansen20,
  author       = {Peter A. Jansen},
  title        = {Visually-Grounded Planning without Vision: Language Models Infer Detailed
                  Plans from High-level Instructions},
  booktitle    = {{EMNLP} (Findings)},
  series       = {Findings of {ACL}},
  volume       = {{EMNLP} 2020},
  pages        = {4412--4417},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fase/LaraG20,
  author       = {Juan de Lara and
                  Esther Guerra},
  title        = {Multi-level Model Product Lines - Open and Closed Variability for
                  Modelling Language Families},
  booktitle    = {{FASE}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {12076},
  pages        = {161--181},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fedcsis/VjesticaDPKRL20,
  author       = {Marko Vjestica and
                  Vladimir Dimitrieski and
                  Milan Pisaric and
                  Slavica Kordic and
                  Sonja Ristic and
                  Ivan Lukovic},
  title        = {The Syntax of a Multi-Level Production Process Modeling Language},
  booktitle    = {FedCSIS},
  series       = {Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems},
  volume       = {21},
  pages        = {751--760},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fpga/PortE20,
  author       = {Oron Port and
                  Yoav Etsion},
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  booktitle    = {{FPGA}},
  pages        = {312},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/gpce/BalldinR20,
  author       = {Hampus Balldin and
                  Christoph Reichenbach},
  title        = {A domain-specific language for filtering in application-level gateways},
  booktitle    = {{GPCE}},
  pages        = {111--123},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icmi/LeeMGKK20,
  author       = {Heera Lee and
                  Varun Mandalapu and
                  Jiaqi Gong and
                  Andrea Kleinsmith and
                  Ravi Kuber},
  title        = {Using Physiological Cues to Determine Levels of Anxiety Experienced
                  among Deaf and Hard of Hearing English Language Learners},
  booktitle    = {{ICMI} Companion},
  pages        = {72--76},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icon-nlp/PraneshKS20,
  author       = {Raj Ratn Pranesh and
                  Sumit Kumar and
                  Ambesh Shekhar},
  title        = {{CLPLM:} Character Level Pretrained Language Model for ExtractingSupport
                  Phrases for Sentiment Labels},
  booktitle    = {{ICON}},
  pages        = {475--480},
  publisher    = {{NLP} Association of India {(NLPAI)}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icpr/ShresthaPFQ20,
  author       = {Amar Shrestha and
                  Krittaphat Pugdeethosapol and
                  Haowen Fang and
                  Qinru Qiu},
  title        = {MAGNet: Multi-Region Attention-Assisted Grounding of Natural Language
                  Queries at Phrase Level},
  booktitle    = {{ICPR}},
  pages        = {8275--8282},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icspcc/Sun20,
  author       = {Linjia Sun},
  title        = {Spoken Language Identification With Hierarchical Topic Model and Multi-levels
                  Discriminative Cues},
  booktitle    = {{ICSPCC}},
  pages        = {1--5},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ijcai/OuyangZLCW20,
  author       = {Linshu Ouyang and
                  Yongzheng Zhang and
                  Hui Liu and
                  Yige Chen and
                  Yipeng Wang},
  title        = {Gated POS-Level Language Model for Authorship Verification},
  booktitle    = {{IJCAI}},
  pages        = {4025--4031},
  publisher    = {ijcai.org},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/indin/HuangF20,
  author       = {Zhihong Huang and
                  Zhijian Fang},
  title        = {An Entity-Level Sentiment Analysis of Financial Text Based on Pre-Trained
                  Language Model},
  booktitle    = {{INDIN}},
  pages        = {391--396},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/iwsec/TajiriM20,
  author       = {Yui Tajiri and
                  Mamoru Mimura},
  title        = {Detection of Malicious PowerShell Using Word-Level Language Models},
  booktitle    = {{IWSEC}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {12231},
  pages        = {39--56},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/mie/KreuzthalerO020,
  author       = {Markus Kreuzthaler and
                  Michel Oleynik and
                  Stefan Schulz},
  title        = {Character-Level Neural Language Modelling in the Clinical Domain},
  booktitle    = {{MIE}},
  series       = {Studies in Health Technology and Informatics},
  volume       = {270},
  pages        = {83--87},
  publisher    = {{IOS} Press},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/odyssey/LingSLK20,
  author       = {Shaoshi Ling and
                  Julian Salazar and
                  Yuzong Liu and
                  Katrin Kirchhoff},
  title        = {BERTphone: Phonetically-aware Encoder Representations for Utterance-level
                  Speaker and Language Recognition},
  booktitle    = {Odyssey},
  pages        = {9--16},
  publisher    = {{ISCA}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/paclic/XieFW20,
  author       = {Chenwei Xie and
                  Yun Feng and
                  William Shi{-}Yuan Wang},
  title        = {Association between declarative memory and language ability in older
                  Chinese by education level},
  booktitle    = {{PACLIC}},
  pages        = {337--347},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/pldi/BichselBGV20,
  author       = {Benjamin Bichsel and
                  Maximilian Baader and
                  Timon Gehr and
                  Martin T. Vechev},
  title        = {Silq: a high-level quantum language with safe uncomputation and intuitive
                  semantics},
  booktitle    = {{PLDI}},
  pages        = {286--300},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/pldi/SchuikiKGB20,
  author       = {Fabian Schuiki and
                  Andreas Kurth and
                  Tobias Grosser and
                  Luca Benini},
  title        = {{LLHD:} a multi-level intermediate representation for hardware description
                  languages},
  booktitle    = {{PLDI}},
  pages        = {258--271},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/rcdl/TangS20,
  author       = {Wenfei Tang and
                  Sergey A. Stupnikov},
  title        = {A Transformation of the {RDF} Mapping Language into a High-Level Data
                  Analysis Language for Execution in a Distributed Computing Environment},
  booktitle    = {{DAMDID/RCDL} (Selected Papers)},
  series       = {Communications in Computer and Information Science},
  volume       = {1427},
  pages        = {74--91},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/roedunet/SeverinCR20,
  author       = {Teona Severin and
                  Ioana Culic and
                  Alexandru Radovici},
  title        = {Enabling High-Level Programming Languages on IoT Devices},
  booktitle    = {RoEduNet},
  pages        = {1--6},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/smc/ZhangKJ20,
  author       = {Xizhe Zhang and
                  Siddartha Khastgir and
                  Paul A. Jennings},
  title        = {Scenario Description Language for Automated Driving Systems: {A} Two
                  Level Abstraction Approach},
  booktitle    = {{SMC}},
  pages        = {973--980},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/sp/Ainsworth020,
  author       = {Sam Ainsworth and
                  Timothy M. Jones},
  title        = {MarkUs: Drop-in use-after-free prevention for low-level languages},
  booktitle    = {{SP}},
  pages        = {578--591},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/taln/GrabarHCGLD20,
  author       = {Natalia Grabar and
                  Thierry Hamon and
                  Bert Cappelle and
                  Cyril Grandin and
                  Beno{\^{\i}}t Leclercq and
                  Ilse Depraetere},
  title        = {Pr{\'{e}}dire le niveau de langue d'apprenants d'anglais (Predict
                  the language level for English learners)},
  booktitle    = {{JEP-TALN-RECITAL} {(2)}},
  pages        = {223--231},
  publisher    = {{ATALA} et {AFCP}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/taln/MichaudAGW20,
  author       = {Alexis Michaud and
                  Oliver Adams and
                  Severine Guillaume and
                  Guillaume Wisniewski},
  title        = {Analyse d'erreurs de transcriptions phon{\'{e}}miques automatiques
                  d'une langue {\^{A}}{\guillemotleft} rare {\^{A}}{\guillemotright}
                  : le na (mosuo) (Analyzing errors in automatic phonemic transcriptions
                  of the Na (Mosuo) language (SinoTibetan family) Automatic phonemic
                  transcription tools now reach high levels of accuracy on a single
                  speaker with relatively small amounts of training data: on the order
                  two to three hours of transcribed speech)},
  booktitle    = {{JEP-TALN-RECITAL} {(1)}},
  pages        = {451--462},
  publisher    = {{ATALA} et {AFCP}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/wacv/LiOYL20,
  author       = {Dongxu Li and
                  Cristian Rodriguez Opazo and
                  Xin Yu and
                  Hongdong Li},
  title        = {Word-level Deep Sign Language Recognition from Video: {A} New Large-scale
                  Dataset and Methods Comparison},
  booktitle    = {{WACV}},
  pages        = {1448--1458},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2020}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/wmt/HaqASS20,
  author       = {Sami ul Haq and
                  Sadaf Abdul{-}Rauf and
                  Arsalan Shaukat and
                  Abdullah Saeed},
  title        = {Document Level {NMT} of Low-Resource Languages with Backtranslation},
  booktitle    = {WMT@EMNLP},
  pages        = {442--446},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2001-02330,
  author       = {Amar Shrestha and
                  Krittaphat Pugdeethosapol and
                  Haowen Fang and
                  Qinru Qiu},
  title        = {High-Level Plan for Behavioral Robot Navigation with Natural Language
                  Directions and {R-NET}},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2001.02330},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2001-11093,
  author       = {Abdessalam Elhabbash and
                  Assylbek Jumagaliyev and
                  Gordon S. Blair and
                  Yehia Elkhatib},
  title        = {{SLO-ML:} {A} Language for Service Level Objective Modelling in Multi-cloud
                  Applications},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2001.11093},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2002-06184,
  author       = {Pascal Weisenburger and
                  Guido Salvaneschi},
  title        = {Implementing a Language for Distributed Systems: Choices and Experiences
                  with Type Level and Macro Programming in Scala},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2002.06184},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2004-03494,
  author       = {Fabian Schuiki and
                  Andreas Kurth and
                  Tobias Grosser and
                  Luca Benini},
  title        = {{LLHD:} {A} Multi-level Intermediate Representation for Hardware Description
                  Languages},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2004.03494},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2004-14543,
  author       = {Linyang Li and
                  Xipeng Qiu},
  title        = {TextAT: Adversarial Training for Natural Language Understanding with
                  Token-Level Perturbation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2004.14543},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2005-05255,
  author       = {Daphne Ippolito and
                  David Grangier and
                  Douglas Eck and
                  Chris Callison{-}Burch},
  title        = {Toward Better Storylines with Sentence-Level Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2005.05255},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2006-03776,
  author       = {Amar Shrestha and
                  Krittaphat Pugdeethosapol and
                  Haowen Fang and
                  Qinru Qiu},
  title        = {MAGNet: Multi-Region Attention-Assisted Grounding of Natural Language
                  Queries at Phrase Level},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2006.03776},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2006-06295,
  author       = {Justin Edwards and
                  Allison Perrone and
                  Philip R. Doyle},
  title        = {Transparency in Language Generation: Levels of Automation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2006.06295},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2008-09236,
  author       = {Sayali Kulkarni and
                  Shailee Jain and
                  Mohammad Javad Hosseini and
                  Jason Baldridge and
                  Eugene Ie and
                  Li Zhang},
  title        = {Spatial Language Representation with Multi-Level Geocoding},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2008.09236},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2009-09099,
  author       = {Anshuman Mishra and
                  Dhruvesh Patel and
                  Aparna Vijayakumar and
                  Xiang Li and
                  Pavan Kapanipathi and
                  Kartik Talamadupula},
  title        = {Looking Beyond Sentence-Level Natural Language Inference for Downstream
                  Tasks},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2009.09099},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2009-14139,
  author       = {{\c{C}}agri G{\"{o}}k{\c{c}}e and
                  Ogulcan {\"{O}}zdemir and
                  Ahmet Alp Kindiroglu and
                  Lale Akarun},
  title        = {Score-level Multi Cue Fusion for Sign Language Recognition},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2009.14139},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2009-14259,
  author       = {Peter A. Jansen},
  title        = {Visually-Grounded Planning without Vision: Language Models Infer Detailed
                  Plans from High-level Instructions},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2009.14259},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2010-03749,
  author       = {Ryoto Ishizuka and
                  Ryo Nishikimi and
                  Eita Nakamura and
                  Kazuyoshi Yoshii},
  title        = {Tatum-Level Drum Transcription Based on a Convolutional Recurrent
                  Neural Network with Language Model-Based Regularized Training},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2010.03749},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2010-03903,
  author       = {Dechuang Teng and
                  Libo Qin and
                  Wanxiang Che and
                  Sendong Zhao and
                  Ting Liu},
  title        = {Injecting Word Information with Multi-Level Word Adapter for Chinese
                  Spoken Language Understanding},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2010.03903},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2010-04482,
  author       = {Sunil Gundapu and
                  Radhika Mamidi},
  title        = {Word Level Language Identification in English Telugu Code Mixed Data},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2010.04482},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2010-12827,
  author       = {Amane Sugiyama and
                  Naoki Yoshinaga},
  title        = {Context-aware Decoder for Neural Machine Translation using a Target-side
                  Document-Level Language Model},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2010.12827},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2011-08242,
  author       = {Richard Lin and
                  Bj{\"{o}}rn Hartmann},
  title        = {Opportunities and Challenges for Circuit Board Level Hardware Description
                  Languages},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2011.08242},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2011-09410,
  author       = {Deokgun Park},
  title        = {Language Acquisition Environment for Human-Level Artificial Intelligence},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2011.09410},
  year         = {2020}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-2012-07994,
  author       = {Mohammadreza Ebrahimi and
                  Ning Zhang and
                  James Lee Hu and
                  Muhammad Taqi Raza and
                  Hsinchun Chen},
  title        = {Binary Black-box Evasion Attacks Against Deep Learning-based Static
                  Malware Detectors with Adversarial Byte-Level Language Model},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/2012.07994},
  year         = {2020}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/basesearch/Geisler19,
  author       = {Benjamin Jay Geisler},
  title        = {{GAMESPECT:} {A} Composition Framework and Meta-Level Domain Specific
                  Aspect Language for Unreal Engine 4},
  school       = {Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, {USA}},
  year         = {2019}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/ndltd/Cutler19,
  author       = {Cody Cutler},
  title        = {The benefits and costs of writing a {POSIX} Kernel in a high-level
                  language},
  school       = {Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, {USA}},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/air/Zarri19,
  author       = {Gian Piero Zarri},
  title        = {Functional and semantic roles in a high-level knowledge representation
                  language},
  journal      = {Artif. Intell. Rev.},
  volume       = {51},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {537--575},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/bsl/Cavallari19,
  author       = {Filippo Cavallari},
  title        = {Regular Tree Languages in the First Two Levels of the Borel Hierarchy},
  journal      = {Bull. Symb. Log.},
  volume       = {25},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {221--222},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/entropy/RiveraMVVLB19,
  author       = {Diego Rivera and
                  Fernando Monje and
                  V{\'{\i}}ctor A. Villagr{\'{a}} and
                  Mario Vega{-}Barbas and
                  Xavier Larriva{-}Novo and
                  Julio Berrocal},
  title        = {Automatic Translation and Enforcement of Cybersecurity Policies Using
                  {A} High-Level Definition Language},
  journal      = {Entropy},
  volume       = {21},
  number       = {12},
  pages        = {1180},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ijait/LeeKL19,
  author       = {Yo Han Lee and
                  Dong W. Kim and
                  Myo Taeg Lim},
  title        = {A Two-Level Recurrent Neural Network Language Model Based on the Continuous
                  Bag-of-Words Model for Sentence Classification},
  journal      = {Int. J. Artif. Intell. Tools},
  volume       = {28},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {1950002:1--1950002:16},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ijcisys/WangRTL19,
  author       = {Zhihao Wang and
                  Min Ren and
                  Xiaoyan Tian and
                  Xia Liang},
  title        = {Character-Level Quantum Mechanical Approach for a Neural Language
                  Model},
  journal      = {Int. J. Comput. Intell. Syst.},
  volume       = {12},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {1613--1621},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ijpp/X19,
  title        = {Editor's Note: Special Issue on High-Level Languages and Frameworks
                  for High-Performance Computing},
  journal      = {Int. J. Parallel Program.},
  volume       = {47},
  number       = {5-6},
  pages        = {1045},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jamia/ChenGJLSLGH19,
  author       = {Long Chen and
                  Yu Gu and
                  Xin Ji and
                  Chao Lou and
                  Zhiyong Sun and
                  Haodan Li and
                  Yuan Gao and
                  Yang Huang},
  title        = {Clinical trial cohort selection based on multi-level rule-based natural
                  language processing system},
  journal      = {J. Am. Medical Informatics Assoc.},
  volume       = {26},
  number       = {11},
  pages        = {1218--1226},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jib/HuckaBCDHKKNMOS19,
  author       = {Michael Hucka and
                  Frank T. Bergmann and
                  Claudine Chaouiya and
                  Andreas Dr{\"{a}}ger and
                  Stefan Hoops and
                  Sarah M. Keating and
                  Matthias K{\"{o}}nig and
                  Nicolas Le Nov{\`{e}}re and
                  Chris J. Myers and
                  Brett G. Olivier and
                  Sven Sahle and
                  James C. Schaff and
                  Rahuman S. Malik{-}Sheriff and
                  Lucian P. Smith and
                  Dagmar Waltemath and
                  Darren J. Wilkinson and
                  Fengkai Zhang},
  title        = {The Systems Biology Markup Language {(SBML):} Language Specification
                  for Level 3 Version 2 Core Release 2},
  journal      = {J. Integr. Bioinform.},
  volume       = {16},
  number       = {2},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jib/RougnyTMBCBDMDB19,
  author       = {Adrien Rougny and
                  Vasundra Tour{\'{e}} and
                  Stuart L. Moodie and
                  Irina Balaur and
                  Tobias Czauderna and
                  Hanna Borlinghaus and
                  Ugur Dogrusoz and
                  Alexander Mazein and
                  Andreas Dr{\"{a}}ger and
                  Michael L. Blinov and
                  Alice Vill{\'{e}}ger and
                  Robin Haw and
                  Emek Demir and
                  Huaiyu Mi and
                  Anatoly A. Sorokin and
                  Falk Schreiber and
                  Augustin Luna},
  title        = {Systems Biology Graphical Notation: Process Description language Level
                  1 Version 2.0},
  journal      = {J. Integr. Bioinform.},
  volume       = {16},
  number       = {2},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jifs/ElakkiyaV19,
  author       = {R. Elakkiya and
                  V. Vanitha},
  title        = {Interactive real time fuzzy class level gesture similarity measure
                  based sign language recognition using artificial neural networks},
  journal      = {J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst.},
  volume       = {37},
  number       = {5},
  pages        = {6855--6864},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jiis/MilazzoP19,
  author       = {Paolo Milazzo and
                  Giovanni Pardini},
  title        = {Objective/MC: {A} high-level model checking language - Formalization
                  of the imperative core and translation into {PRISM}},
  journal      = {J. Intell. Inf. Syst.},
  volume       = {52},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {533--571},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jsjkx/JiangZZ19,
  author       = {Xianwei Jiang and
                  Miaoxian Zhang and
                  Zhaosong Zhu},
  title        = {{\unicode{22522}}{\unicode{20110}}{\unicode{28784}}{\unicode{24230}}{\unicode{20849}}{\unicode{29983}}{\unicode{30697}}{\unicode{38453}}{\unicode{21644}}{\unicode{31934}}{\unicode{24230}}{\unicode{39640}}{\unicode{26031}}{\unicode{25903}}{\unicode{25345}}{\unicode{21521}}{\unicode{37327}}{\unicode{26426}}{\unicode{30340}}{\unicode{20013}}{\unicode{22269}}{\unicode{25163}}{\unicode{35821}}{\unicode{25163}}{\unicode{25351}}{\unicode{35821}}{\unicode{35782}}{\unicode{21035}}
                  (Recognition of Chinese Finger Sign Language Based on Gray Level Co-occurrence
                  Matrix and Fine Gaussian Support Vector Machine)},
  journal      = {{\unicode{35745}}{\unicode{31639}}{\unicode{26426}}{\unicode{31185}}{\unicode{23398}}},
  volume       = {46},
  number       = {11A},
  pages        = {303--308},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/lmcs/BojanczykCPS19,
  author       = {Mikolaj Bojanczyk and
                  Filippo Cavallari and
                  Thomas Place and
                  Michal Skrzypczak},
  title        = {Regular tree languages in low levels of the Wadge Hierarchy},
  journal      = {Log. Methods Comput. Sci.},
  volume       = {15},
  number       = {3},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/tacl/HahnB19,
  author       = {Michael Hahn and
                  Marco Baroni},
  title        = {Tabula nearly rasa: Probing the linguistic knowledge of character-level
                  neural language models trained on unsegmented text},
  journal      = {Trans. Assoc. Comput. Linguistics},
  volume       = {7},
  pages        = {467--484},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/tjs/PoshtkohiGS19,
  author       = {Alireza Poshtkohi and
                  M. B. Ghaznavi{-}Ghoushchi and
                  Kamyar Saghafi},
  title        = {{PSML:} parallel system modeling and simulation language for electronic
                  system level},
  journal      = {J. Supercomput.},
  volume       = {75},
  number       = {5},
  pages        = {2691--2724},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/usenix-login/CutlerKM19,
  author       = {Cody Cutler and
                  M. Frans Kaashoek and
                  Robert Tappan Morris},
  title        = {The Benefits and Costs of Writing a {POSIX} Kernel in a High-Level
                  Language},
  journal      = {login Usenix Mag.},
  volume       = {44},
  number       = {1},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aaai/Al-RfouCCGJ19,
  author       = {Rami Al{-}Rfou and
                  Dokook Choe and
                  Noah Constant and
                  Mandy Guo and
                  Llion Jones},
  title        = {Character-Level Language Modeling with Deeper Self-Attention},
  booktitle    = {{AAAI}},
  pages        = {3159--3166},
  publisher    = {{AAAI} Press},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aaai/MielkeE19,
  author       = {S. J. Mielke and
                  Jason Eisner},
  title        = {Spell Once, Summon Anywhere: {A} Two-Level Open-Vocabulary Language
                  Model},
  booktitle    = {{AAAI}},
  pages        = {6843--6850},
  publisher    = {{AAAI} Press},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/QianMZH19,
  author       = {Yusu Qian and
                  Urwa Muaz and
                  Ben Zhang and
                  Jae Won Hyun},
  title        = {Reducing Gender Bias in Word-Level Language Models with a Gender-Equalizing
                  Loss Function},
  booktitle    = {{ACL} {(2)}},
  pages        = {223--228},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/WangHXPMPKTHYJC19,
  author       = {Alex Wang and
                  Jan Hula and
                  Patrick Xia and
                  Raghavendra Pappagari and
                  R. Thomas McCoy and
                  Roma Patel and
                  Najoung Kim and
                  Ian Tenney and
                  Yinghui Huang and
                  Katherin Yu and
                  Shuning Jin and
                  Berlin Chen and
                  Benjamin Van Durme and
                  Edouard Grave and
                  Ellie Pavlick and
                  Samuel R. Bowman},
  title        = {Can You Tell Me How to Get Past Sesame Street? Sentence-Level Pretraining
                  Beyond Language Modeling},
  booktitle    = {{ACL} {(1)}},
  pages        = {4465--4476},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aistats/ZhouGKRYW19,
  author       = {Yuan Zhou and
                  Bradley J. Gram{-}Hansen and
                  Tobias Kohn and
                  Tom Rainforth and
                  Hongseok Yang and
                  Frank Wood},
  title        = {{LF-PPL:} {A} Low-Level First Order Probabilistic Programming Language
                  for Non-Differentiable Models},
  booktitle    = {{AISTATS}},
  series       = {Proceedings of Machine Learning Research},
  volume       = {89},
  pages        = {148--157},
  publisher    = {{PMLR}},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ancs/EmmerichVCEBESG19,
  author       = {Paul Emmerich and
                  Sebastian Voit and
                  Georg Carle and
                  Simon Ellmann and
                  Fabian Bonk and
                  Alex Egger and
                  Esa{\'{u}} Garc{\'{\i}}a S{\'{a}}nchez{-}Torija and
                  Thomas G{\"{u}}nzel and
                  Sebastian Di Luzio and
                  Alexandru Obada and
                  Maximilian Stadlmeier},
  title        = {The Case for Writing Network Drivers in High-Level Programming Languages},
  booktitle    = {{ANCS}},
  pages        = {1--13},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/besc/MengFYZSWDX19,
  author       = {Xianjia Meng and
                  Lin Feng and
                  Xiao Yin and
                  Huanting Zhou and
                  Chang Sheng and
                  Chongyang Wang and
                  Anxun Du and
                  Linzhi Xu},
  title        = {Sentence-Level Sign Language Recognition Using {RF} signals},
  booktitle    = {{BESC}},
  pages        = {1--6},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/blackboxnlp/PinterME19,
  author       = {Yuval Pinter and
                  Marc Marone and
                  Jacob Eisenstein},
  title        = {Character Eyes: Seeing Language through Character-Level Taggers},
  booktitle    = {BlackboxNLP@ACL},
  pages        = {95--102},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cncl/LiuWZXC19,
  author       = {Mingtong Liu and
                  Yasong Wang and
                  Yujie Zhang and
                  Jinan Xu and
                  Yufeng Chen},
  title        = {Syntax-Aware Attention for Natural Language Inference with Phrase-Level
                  Matching},
  booktitle    = {{CCL}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {11856},
  pages        = {156--168},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/conll/FengKTO19,
  author       = {Yukun Feng and
                  Hidetaka Kamigaito and
                  Hiroya Takamura and
                  Manabu Okumura},
  title        = {A Simple and Effective Method for Injecting Word-Level Information
                  into Character-Aware Neural Language Models},
  booktitle    = {CoNLL},
  pages        = {920--928},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ectel/BallierGSSBZ19,
  author       = {Nicolas Ballier and
                  Thomas Gaillat and
                  Andrew J. Simpkin and
                  Bernardo Stearns and
                  Manon Bouy{\'{e}} and
                  Manel Zarrouk},
  title        = {A Supervised Learning Model for the Automatic Assessment of Language
                  Levels Based on Learner Errors},
  booktitle    = {{EC-TEL}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {11722},
  pages        = {308--320},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/QinCLWL19,
  author       = {Libo Qin and
                  Wanxiang Che and
                  Yangming Li and
                  Haoyang Wen and
                  Ting Liu},
  title        = {A Stack-Propagation Framework with Token-Level Intent Detection for
                  Spoken Language Understanding},
  booktitle    = {{EMNLP/IJCNLP} {(1)}},
  pages        = {2078--2087},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/gcce/LeePLK19,
  author       = {Donghyun Lee and
                  Hosung Park and
                  Minkyu Lim and
                  Ji{-}Hwan Kim},
  title        = {Syllable-Level Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network-based
                  Language Model for Korean Voice Interface in Intelligent Personal
                  Assistants},
  booktitle    = {{GCCE}},
  pages        = {289--290},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icassp/CaiCHL19,
  author       = {Weicheng Cai and
                  Danwei Cai and
                  Shen Huang and
                  Ming Li},
  title        = {Utterance-level End-to-end Language Identification Using Attention-based
                  {CNN-BLSTM}},
  booktitle    = {{ICASSP}},
  pages        = {5991--5995},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icassp/DalmiaLBM19,
  author       = {Siddharth Dalmia and
                  Xinjian Li and
                  Alan W. Black and
                  Florian Metze},
  title        = {Phoneme Level Language Models for Sequence Based Low Resource {ASR}},
  booktitle    = {{ICASSP}},
  pages        = {6091--6095},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icecsys/Shahmohammadian19,
  author       = {Mahshid Shahmohammadian and
                  Geoffrey Mainland},
  title        = {Synthesizing Efficient Hardware from High-Level Functional Hardware
                  Description Languages},
  booktitle    = {{ICECS}},
  pages        = {634--637},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icfem/LiSZWGH19,
  author       = {Ximeng Li and
                  Zhiping Shi and
                  Qianying Zhang and
                  Guohui Wang and
                  Yong Guan and
                  Ning Han},
  title        = {Towards Verifying Ethereum Smart Contracts at Intermediate Language
                  Level},
  booktitle    = {{ICFEM}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {11852},
  pages        = {121--137},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icmcs/ZhangWLZZ19,
  author       = {Dong Zhang and
                  Liangqing Wu and
                  Shoushan Li and
                  Qiaoming Zhu and
                  Guodong Zhou},
  title        = {Multi-Modal Language Analysis with Hierarchical Interaction-Level
                  and Selection-Level Attentions},
  booktitle    = {{ICME}},
  pages        = {724--729},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icra/KoolenD19,
  author       = {Twan Koolen and
                  Robin Deits},
  title        = {Julia for robotics: simulation and real-time control in a high-level
                  programming language},
  booktitle    = {{ICRA}},
  pages        = {604--611},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ict4ageingwell/AlfanoLTH19,
  author       = {Marco Alfano and
                  Biagio Lenzitti and
                  Davide Taibi and
                  Markus Helfert},
  title        = {Facilitating Access to Health Web Pages with Different Language Complexity
                  Levels},
  booktitle    = {{ICT4AWE}},
  pages        = {113--123},
  publisher    = {SciTePress},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ictai/LiSTZM19,
  author       = {Zhixin Li and
                  Yaru Sun and
                  Suqin Tang and
                  Canlong Zhang and
                  Huifang Ma},
  title        = {Sentence-Level Semantic Features Guided Adversarial Network for Zhuang
                  Language Part-of-Speech Tagging},
  booktitle    = {{ICTAI}},
  pages        = {265--272},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ieeehpcs/LindhojHPS19,
  author       = {Mette Bjerg Lindh{\o}j and
                  Troels Henriksen and
                  L{\ae}rke Pedersen and
                  Jon Sporring},
  title        = {Using a high-level parallel programming language for GPU-accelerated
                  tomographic reconstruction},
  booktitle    = {{HPCS}},
  pages        = {27--32},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/interspeech/HillisKB19,
  author       = {Steven Hillis and
                  Anushree Prasanna Kumar and
                  Alan W. Black},
  title        = {Unsupervised Phonetic and Word Level Discovery for Speech to Speech
                  Translation for Unwritten Languages},
  booktitle    = {{INTERSPEECH}},
  pages        = {1138--1142},
  publisher    = {{ISCA}},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/interspeech/LiuZZ019,
  author       = {Chang Liu and
                  Zhen Zhang and
                  Pengyuan Zhang and
                  Yonghong Yan},
  title        = {Character-Aware Sub-Word Level Language Modeling for Uyghur and Turkish
                  {ASR}},
  booktitle    = {{INTERSPEECH}},
  pages        = {3495--3499},
  publisher    = {{ISCA}},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/iwci/KhatunRCIT19,
  author       = {Aisha Khatun and
                  Anisur Rahman and
                  Hemayet Ahmed Chowdhury and
                  Md. Saiful Islam and
                  Ayesha Tasnim},
  title        = {A Subword Level Language Model for Bangla Language},
  booktitle    = {{IJCCI}},
  series       = {Algorithms for Intelligent Systems},
  pages        = {385--396},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/jurix/Smywinski-PohlW19,
  author       = {Aleksander Smywinski{-}Pohl and
                  Krzysztof Wr{\'{o}}bel and
                  Karol Lasocki and
                  Michal Jungiewicz},
  title        = {Application of Character-Level Language Models in the Domain of Polish
                  Statutory Law},
  booktitle    = {{JURIX}},
  series       = {Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications},
  volume       = {322},
  pages        = {217--222},
  publisher    = {{IOS} Press},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/naacl/BordiaB19,
  author       = {Shikha Bordia and
                  Samuel R. Bowman},
  title        = {Identifying and Reducing Gender Bias in Word-Level Language Models},
  booktitle    = {{NAACL-HLT} (Student Research Workshop)},
  pages        = {7--15},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/naacl/LiMMA19,
  author       = {Maolin Li and
                  Arvid Fahlstr{\"{o}}m Myrman and
                  Tingting Mu and
                  Sophia Ananiadou},
  title        = {Modelling Instance-Level Annotator Reliability for Natural Language
                  Labelling Tasks},
  booktitle    = {{NAACL-HLT} {(1)}},
  pages        = {2873--2883},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/naacl/MagerCK19,
  author       = {Manuel Mager and
                  {\"{O}}zlem {\c{C}}etinoglu and
                  Katharina Kann},
  title        = {Subword-Level Language Identification for Intra-Word Code-Switching},
  booktitle    = {{NAACL-HLT} {(1)}},
  pages        = {2005--2011},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/naacl/ThorneVCM19,
  author       = {James Thorne and
                  Andreas Vlachos and
                  Christos Christodoulopoulos and
                  Arpit Mittal},
  title        = {Generating Token-Level Explanations for Natural Language Inference},
  booktitle    = {{NAACL-HLT} {(1)}},
  pages        = {963--969},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/oopsla/AmiriBHN19,
  author       = {Javad Ebrahimian Amiri and
                  Stephen M. Blackburn and
                  Antony L. Hosking and
                  Michael Norrish},
  title        = {Designing a low-level virtual machine for implementing real-time managed
                  languages},
  booktitle    = {VMIL@SPLASH},
  pages        = {1--11},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/sac/RiegerWK19,
  author       = {Christoph Rieger and
                  Fabian Wrede and
                  Herbert Kuchen},
  title        = {Musket: a domain-specific language for high-level parallel programming
                  with algorithmic skeletons},
  booktitle    = {{SAC}},
  pages        = {1534--1543},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/smm4h/SchneuwlyGLCJ19,
  author       = {Arno Schneuwly and
                  Ralf Grubenmann and
                  S{\'{e}}verine Rion Logean and
                  Mark Cieliebak and
                  Martin Jaggi},
  title        = {Correlating Twitter Language with Community-Level Health Outcomes},
  booktitle    = {SMM4H@ACL},
  pages        = {71--78},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/splc/ThumSS19,
  author       = {Thomas Th{\"{u}}m and
                  Christoph Seidl and
                  Ina Schaefer},
  title        = {On language levels for feature modeling notations},
  booktitle    = {{SPLC} {(B)}},
  pages        = {83:1--83:4},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/splc/VillotaMS19,
  author       = {{\'{A}}ngela Villota and
                  Ra{\'{u}}l Mazo and
                  Camille Salinesi},
  title        = {The high-level variability language: an ontological approach},
  booktitle    = {{SPLC} {(B)}},
  pages        = {84:1--84:8},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ucc/ElhabbashJBE19,
  author       = {Abdessalam Elhabbash and
                  Assylbek Jumagaliyev and
                  Gordon S. Blair and
                  Yehia Elkhatib},
  title        = {{SLO-ML:} {A} Language for Service Level Objective Modelling in Multi-cloud
                  Applications},
  booktitle    = {{UCC}},
  pages        = {241--250},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/uist/JunDRCBJR19,
  author       = {Eunice Jun and
                  Maureen Daum and
                  Jared Roesch and
                  Sarah E. Chasins and
                  Emery D. Berger and
                  Ren{\'{e}} Just and
                  Katharina Reinecke},
  title        = {Tea: {A} High-level Language and Runtime System for Automating Statistical
                  Analysis},
  booktitle    = {{UIST}},
  pages        = {591--603},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/vdat/RaveendranKVS19,
  author       = {Aneesh Raveendran and
                  Vinay Kumar and
                  Vivian Desalphine and
                  David Selvakumar},
  title        = {Functional Simulation Verification of {RISC-V} Instruction Set Based
                  High Level Language Modeled {FPU}},
  booktitle    = {{VDAT}},
  series       = {Communications in Computer and Information Science},
  volume       = {1066},
  pages        = {496--509},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/wecwis/KinderenK19,
  author       = {Sybren de Kinderen and
                  Monika Kaczmarek{-}He{\ss}},
  title        = {Multi-level Modeling as a Language Architecture for Reference Models:
                  On the Example of the Smart Grid Domain},
  booktitle    = {{CBI} {(1)}},
  pages        = {174--183},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2019}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/wmt/Lo19,
  author       = {Chi{-}kiu Lo},
  title        = {YiSi - a Unified Semantic {MT} Quality Evaluation and Estimation Metric
                  for Languages with Different Levels of Available Resources},
  booktitle    = {{WMT} {(2)}},
  pages        = {507--513},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1902-07374,
  author       = {Weicheng Cai and
                  Danwei Cai and
                  Shen Huang and
                  Ming Li},
  title        = {Utterance-level end-to-end language identification using attention-based
                  {CNN-BLSTM}},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1902.07374},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1902-07613,
  author       = {Siddharth Dalmia and
                  Xinjian Li and
                  Alan W. Black and
                  Florian Metze},
  title        = {Phoneme Level Language Models for Sequence Based Low Resource {ASR}},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1902.07613},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1903-02482,
  author       = {Yuan Zhou and
                  Bradley J. Gram{-}Hansen and
                  Tobias Kohn and
                  Tom Rainforth and
                  Hongseok Yang and
                  Frank Wood},
  title        = {{LF-PPL:} {A} Low-Level First Order Probabilistic Programming Language
                  for Non-Differentiable Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1903.02482},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1903-05041,
  author       = {Yuval Pinter and
                  Marc Marone and
                  Jacob Eisenstein},
  title        = {Character Eyes: Seeing Language through Character-Level Taggers},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1903.05041},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1903-07416,
  author       = {Ernesto Estevez{-}Rams and
                  A. Mesa Rodriguez and
                  D. Estevez{-}Moya},
  title        = {Complexity-entropy analysis at different levels of organization in
                  written language},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1903.07416},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1904-01989,
  author       = {Manuel Mager and
                  {\"{O}}zlem {\c{C}}etinoglu and
                  Katharina Kann},
  title        = {Subword-Level Language Identification for Intra-Word Code-Switching},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1904.01989},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1904-03035,
  author       = {Shikha Bordia and
                  Samuel R. Bowman},
  title        = {Identifying and Reducing Gender Bias in Word-Level Language Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1904.03035},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1904-03343,
  author       = {Rahim K. Charania},
  title        = {Exploring and Benchmarking High Performance {\&} Scientific Computing
                  using {R} {R} {HPC} Packages and Lower level compiled languages {A}
                  Comparative Study},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1904.03343},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1904-05387,
  author       = {Eunice Jun and
                  Maureen Daum and
                  Jared Roesch and
                  Sarah E. Chasins and
                  Emery D. Berger and
                  Ren{\'{e}} Just and
                  Katharina Reinecke},
  title        = {Tea: {A} High-level Language and Runtime System for Automating Statistical
                  Analysis},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1904.05387},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1904-10717,
  author       = {James Thorne and
                  Andreas Vlachos and
                  Christos Christodoulopoulos and
                  Arpit Mittal},
  title        = {Generating Token-Level Explanations for Natural Language Inference},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1904.10717},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1905-04981,
  author       = {Maolin Li and
                  Arvid Fahlstr{\"{o}}m Myrman and
                  Tingting Mu and
                  Sophia Ananiadou},
  title        = {Modelling Instance-Level Annotator Reliability for Natural Language
                  Labelling Tasks},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1905.04981},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1905-12801,
  author       = {Yusu Qian and
                  Urwa Muaz and
                  Ben Zhang and
                  Jae Won Hyun},
  title        = {Reducing Gender Bias in Word-Level Language Models with a Gender-Equalizing
                  Loss Function},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1905.12801},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1906-04291,
  author       = {Hao Lang and
                  Wen Wang},
  title        = {Automated Curriculum Learning for Turn-level Spoken Language Understanding
                  with Weak Supervision},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1906.04291},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1906-06465,
  author       = {Arno Schneuwly and
                  Ralf Grubenmann and
                  S{\'{e}}verine Rion Logean and
                  Mark Cieliebak and
                  Martin Jaggi},
  title        = {Correlating Twitter Language with Community-Level Health Outcomes},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1906.06465},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1906-07285,
  author       = {Michael Hahn and
                  Marco Baroni},
  title        = {Tabula nearly rasa: Probing the Linguistic Knowledge of Character-Level
                  Neural Language Models Trained on Unsegmented Text},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1906.07285},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1907-00457,
  author       = {Shaoshi Ling and
                  Julian Salazar and
                  Katrin Kirchhoff},
  title        = {Contextual Phonetic Pretraining for End-to-end Utterance-level Language
                  and Speaker Recognition},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1907.00457},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1909-00556,
  author       = {Yiheng Huang and
                  Liqiang He and
                  Lei Han and
                  Guangsen Wang and
                  Dan Su},
  title        = {Phrase-Level Class based Language Model for Mandarin Smart Speaker
                  Query Recognition},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1909.00556},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1909-02188,
  author       = {Libo Qin and
                  Wanxiang Che and
                  Yangming Li and
                  Haoyang Wen and
                  Ting Liu},
  title        = {A Stack-Propagation Framework with Token-Level Intent Detection for
                  Spoken Language Understanding},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1909.02188},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1909-06344,
  author       = {Paul Emmerich and
                  Simon Ellmann and
                  Fabian Bonk and
                  Alex Egger and
                  Esa{\'{u}} Garc{\'{\i}}a S{\'{a}}nchez{-}Torija and
                  Thomas G{\"{u}}nzel and
                  Sebastian Di Luzio and
                  Alexandru Obada and
                  Maximilian Stadlmeier and
                  Sebastian Voit and
                  Georg Carle},
  title        = {The Case for Writing Network Drivers in High-Level Programming Languages},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1909.06344},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1909-06723,
  author       = {Xiaosen Wang and
                  Hao Jin and
                  Kun He},
  title        = {Natural Language Adversarial Attacks and Defenses in Word Level},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1909.06723},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1910-11006,
  author       = {Dongxu Li and
                  Cristian Rodriguez Opazo and
                  Xin Yu and
                  Hongdong Li},
  title        = {Word-level Deep Sign Language Recognition from Video: {A} New Large-scale
                  Dataset and Methods Comparison},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1910.11006},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1911-03110,
  author       = {Liangyou Li and
                  Xin Jiang and
                  Qun Liu},
  title        = {Pretrained Language Models for Document-Level Neural Machine Translation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1911.03110},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1911-07613,
  author       = {Aisha Khatun and
                  Anisur Rahman and
                  Hemayet Ahmed Chowdhury and
                  Md. Saiful Islam and
                  Ayesha Tasnim},
  title        = {A Subword Level Language Model for Bangla Language},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1911.07613},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1911-12391,
  author       = {Huyen Nguyen},
  title        = {SimpleBooks: Long-term dependency book dataset with simplified English
                  vocabulary for word-level language modeling},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1911.12391},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1912-05877,
  author       = {James L. McClelland and
                  Felix Hill and
                  Maja Rudolph and
                  Jason Baldridge and
                  Hinrich Sch{\"{u}}tze},
  title        = {Extending Machine Language Models toward Human-Level Language Understanding},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1912.05877},
  year         = {2019}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1909-11503,
  title        = {Improve Language Modelling for Code Completion through Statement Level
                  Language Model based on Statement Embedding Generated by BiLSTM},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1909.11503},
  year         = {2019},
  note         = {Withdrawn.}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/dnb/Oberhauser18,
  author       = {Jonas Oberhauser},
  title        = {Justifying the strong memory semantics of concurrent high-level programming
                  languages for system programming},
  school       = {Saarland University, Saarbr{\"{u}}cken, Germany},
  year         = {2018}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/dnb/Zwinkau18,
  author       = {Andreas Zwinkau},
  title        = {Resource-aware Programming in a High-level Language - Improved performance
                  with manageable effort on clustered MPSoCs},
  school       = {Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany},
  year         = {2018}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/hal/Tran18b,
  author       = {Mai{-}Thanh Tran},
  title        = {Towards Hardware Synthesis of a Flexible Radio from a High-Level Language.
                  (Synth{\`{e}}se mat{\'{e}}rielle d'une radio flexible et reconfigurable
                  depuis un langage de haut niveau)},
  school       = {University of Rennes 1, France},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/algorithms/VlachostergiouC18,
  author       = {Aggeliki Vlachostergiou and
                  George Caridakis and
                  Phivos Mylonas and
                  Andreas Stafylopatis},
  title        = {Learning Representations of Natural Language Texts with Generative
                  Adversarial Networks at Document, Sentence, and Aspect Level},
  journal      = {Algorithms},
  volume       = {11},
  number       = {10},
  pages        = {164},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/cacm/Chisnall18,
  author       = {David Chisnall},
  title        = {C is not a low-level language},
  journal      = {Commun. {ACM}},
  volume       = {61},
  number       = {7},
  pages        = {44--48},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/eait/MladenovicBZ18,
  author       = {Monika Mladenovic and
                  Ivica Boljat and
                  Zana Zanko},
  title        = {Comparing loops misconceptions in block-based and text-based programming
                  languages at the {K-12} level},
  journal      = {Educ. Inf. Technol.},
  volume       = {23},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {1483--1500},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/iet-cvi/JoshiVS18,
  author       = {Garima Joshi and
                  Renu Vig and
                  Sukhwinder Singh},
  title        = {DCA-based unimodal feature-level fusion of orthogonal moments for
                  Indian sign language dataset},
  journal      = {{IET} Comput. Vis.},
  volume       = {12},
  number       = {5},
  pages        = {570--577},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ijertcs/RomanovI18,
  author       = {Aleksandr Romanov and
                  Alexander Ivannikov},
  title        = {SystemC Language Usage as the Alternative to the {HDL} and High-level
                  Modeling for NoC Simulation},
  journal      = {Int. J. Embed. Real Time Commun. Syst.},
  volume       = {9},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {18--31},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ijgbl/Yorkd18,
  author       = {James York and
                  Jonathan William deHaan},
  title        = {A Constructivist Approach to Game-Based Language Learning: Student
                  Perceptions in a Beginner-Level {EFL} Context},
  journal      = {Int. J. Game Based Learn.},
  volume       = {8},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {19--40},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ile/SunY18,
  author       = {Peijian Paul Sun and
                  Rui (Eric) Yuan},
  title        = {Understanding collaborative language learning in novice-level foreign
                  language classrooms: perceptions of teachers and students},
  journal      = {Interact. Learn. Environ.},
  volume       = {26},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {189--205},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jbd/BirjaliHE18,
  author       = {Marouane Birjali and
                  Abderrahim Beni Hssane and
                  Mohammed Erritali},
  title        = {Evaluation of high-level query languages based on MapReduce in Big
                  Data},
  journal      = {J. Big Data},
  volume       = {5},
  pages        = {36},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jib/BergmannCKMNNOS18,
  author       = {Frank T. Bergmann and
                  Jonathan Cooper and
                  Matthias K{\"{o}}nig and
                  Ion I. Moraru and
                  David P. Nickerson and
                  Nicolas Le Nov{\`{e}}re and
                  Brett G. Olivier and
                  Sven Sahle and
                  Lucian P. Smith and
                  Dagmar Waltemath},
  title        = {Simulation Experiment Description Markup Language {(SED-ML)} Level
                  1 Version 3 {(L1V3)}},
  journal      = {J. Integr. Bioinform.},
  volume       = {15},
  number       = {1},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jib/HuckaBDHKNMOSSS18,
  author       = {Michael Hucka and
                  Frank T. Bergmann and
                  Andreas Dr{\"{a}}ger and
                  Stefan Hoops and
                  Sarah M. Keating and
                  Nicolas Le Nov{\`{e}}re and
                  Chris J. Myers and
                  Brett G. Olivier and
                  Sven Sahle and
                  James C. Schaff and
                  Lucian P. Smith and
                  Dagmar Waltemath and
                  Darren J. Wilkinson},
  title        = {The Systems Biology Markup Language {(SBML):} Language Specification
                  for Level 3 Version 1 Core},
  journal      = {J. Integr. Bioinform.},
  volume       = {15},
  number       = {1},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jib/HuckaBDHKNMOSSS18a,
  author       = {Michael Hucka and
                  Frank T. Bergmann and
                  Andreas Dr{\"{a}}ger and
                  Stefan Hoops and
                  Sarah M. Keating and
                  Nicolas Le Nov{\`{e}}re and
                  Chris J. Myers and
                  Brett G. Olivier and
                  Sven Sahle and
                  James C. Schaff and
                  Lucian P. Smith and
                  Dagmar Waltemath and
                  Darren J. Wilkinson},
  title        = {The Systems Biology Markup Language {(SBML):} Language Specification
                  for Level 3 Version 2 Core},
  journal      = {J. Integr. Bioinform.},
  volume       = {15},
  number       = {1},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jiis/SpyratosS18,
  author       = {Nicolas Spyratos and
                  Tsuyoshi Sugibuchi},
  title        = {{HIFUN} - a high level functional query language for big data analytics},
  journal      = {J. Intell. Inf. Syst.},
  volume       = {51},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {529--555},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/queue/Chisnall18,
  author       = {David Chisnall},
  title        = {C Is Not a Low-level Language},
  journal      = {{ACM} Queue},
  volume       = {16},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {10},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/sttt/JaberFDAE18,
  author       = {Mohamad Jaber and
                  Yli{\`{e}}s Falcone and
                  Kinan Dak{-}Al{-}Bab and
                  John Abou{-}Jaoudeh and
                  Mostafa El{-}Katerji},
  title        = {A high-level modeling language for the efficient design, implementation,
                  and testing of Android applications},
  journal      = {Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Transf.},
  volume       = {20},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {1--18},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/tacl/GerzVPNRK18,
  author       = {Daniela Gerz and
                  Ivan Vulic and
                  Edoardo Maria Ponti and
                  Jason Naradowsky and
                  Roi Reichart and
                  Anna Korhonen},
  title        = {Language Modeling for Morphologically Rich Languages: Character-Aware
                  Modeling for Word-Level Prediction},
  journal      = {Trans. Assoc. Comput. Linguistics},
  volume       = {6},
  pages        = {451--465},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/tods/ShaikhhaKK18,
  author       = {Amir Shaikhha and
                  Yannis Klonatos and
                  Christoph Koch},
  title        = {Building Efficient Query Engines in a High-Level Language},
  journal      = {{ACM} Trans. Database Syst.},
  volume       = {43},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {4:1--4:45},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aaai/KenterJH18,
  author       = {Tom Kenter and
                  Llion Jones and
                  Daniel Hewlett},
  title        = {Byte-Level Machine Reading Across Morphologically Varied Languages},
  booktitle    = {{AAAI}},
  pages        = {5820--5827},
  publisher    = {{AAAI} Press},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aaai/TuorBKHNJ18,
  author       = {Aaron Randall Tuor and
                  Ryan Baerwolf and
                  Nicolas Knowles and
                  Brian Hutchinson and
                  Nicole Nichols and
                  Robert Jasper},
  title        = {Recurrent Neural Network Language Models for Open Vocabulary Event-Level
                  Cyber Anomaly Detection},
  booktitle    = {{AAAI} Workshops},
  series       = {{AAAI} Technical Report},
  volume       = {{WS-18}},
  pages        = {285--293},
  publisher    = {{AAAI} Press},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aciids/ZacekLV18,
  author       = {Martin Z{\'{a}}cek and
                  Alena Lukasov{\'{a}} and
                  Marek Vajgl},
  title        = {Ontology Languages for Semantic Web from a Bit Higher Level of Generality},
  booktitle    = {{ACIIDS} {(2)}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {10752},
  pages        = {275--284},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/BesacierEV18,
  author       = {Maha Elbayad and
                  Laurent Besacier and
                  Jakob Verbeek},
  title        = {Token-level and sequence-level loss smoothing for {RNN} language models},
  booktitle    = {{ACL} {(1)}},
  pages        = {2094--2103},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/NenkovaLYMWNP18,
  author       = {Benjamin E. Nye and
                  Junyi Jessy Li and
                  Roma Patel and
                  Yinfei Yang and
                  Iain James Marshall and
                  Ani Nenkova and
                  Byron C. Wallace},
  title        = {A Corpus with Multi-Level Annotations of Patients, Interventions and
                  Outcomes to Support Language Processing for Medical Literature},
  booktitle    = {{ACL} {(1)}},
  pages        = {197--207},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acling/LichouriAFM18,
  author       = {Mohamed Lichouri and
                  Mourad Abbas and
                  Abed Alhakim Freihat and
                  Dhiya El Hak Megtouf},
  title        = {Word-Level vs Sentence-Level Language Identification: Application
                  to Algerian and Arabic Dialects},
  booktitle    = {{ACLING}},
  series       = {Procedia Computer Science},
  volume       = {142},
  pages        = {246--253},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acllaw/PariziC18,
  author       = {Ali Hakimi Parizi and
                  Paul Cook},
  title        = {Do Character-Level Neural Network Language Models Capture Knowledge
                  of Multiword Expression Compositionality?},
  booktitle    = {LAW-MWE-CxG@COLING},
  pages        = {185--192},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/asist/AsubiaroAMA18,
  author       = {Toluwase Victor Asubiaro and
                  Tunde Adegbola and
                  Robert Mercer and
                  Isola Ajiferuke},
  title        = {A word-level language identification strategy for resource-scarce
                  languages},
  booktitle    = {{ASIST}},
  series       = {Proc. Assoc. Inf. Sci. Technol.},
  volume       = {55},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {19--28},
  publisher    = {Wiley},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/bica/AnikinS18,
  author       = {Anton Anikin and
                  Oleg Sychev},
  title        = {Semantic treebanks and their uses for multi-level modelling of natural-language
                  texts},
  booktitle    = {{BICA}},
  series       = {Procedia Computer Science},
  volume       = {145},
  pages        = {64--71},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cchi/HoWL18,
  author       = {Tien{-}Yu Ho and
                  Hao{-}Chuan Wang and
                  Shang{-}Hong Lai},
  title        = {Non-native Language Reading Support with Display of Machine Translation
                  Based on Eye-Tracking and Sentence-Level Mapping},
  booktitle    = {{CCHI}},
  pages        = {57--63},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cvpr/WangWX18,
  author       = {Hanzhang Wang and
                  Hanli Wang and
                  Kaisheng Xu},
  title        = {Categorizing Concepts With Basic Level for Vision-to-Language},
  booktitle    = {{CVPR}},
  pages        = {4962--4970},
  publisher    = {Computer Vision Foundation / {IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/date/GoossensLAP18,
  author       = {Bart Goossens and
                  Hi{\^{e}}p Quang Luong and
                  Jan Aelterman and
                  Wilfried Philips},
  title        = {Quasar, a high-level programming language and development environment
                  for designing smart vision systems on embedded platforms},
  booktitle    = {{DATE}},
  pages        = {1310--1315},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/dicta/AliP18,
  author       = {Asghar Ali and
                  Mark Pickering},
  title        = {Feature-Level Fusion using Convolutional Neural Network for Multi-Language
                  Synthetic Character Recognition in Natual Images},
  booktitle    = {{DICTA}},
  pages        = {1--6},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/HiebertPFM18,
  author       = {Avery Hiebert and
                  Cole Peterson and
                  Alona Fyshe and
                  Nishant A. Mehta},
  title        = {Interpreting Word-Level Hidden State Behaviour of Character-Level
                  {LSTM} Language Models},
  booktitle    = {BlackboxNLP@EMNLP},
  pages        = {258--266},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/XiongWZS18,
  author       = {Wayne Xiong and
                  Lingfeng Wu and
                  Jun Zhang and
                  Andreas Stolcke},
  title        = {Session-level Language Modeling for Conversational Speech},
  booktitle    = {{EMNLP}},
  pages        = {2764--2768},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/ZangPVCNSS18,
  author       = {Xiaoxue Zang and
                  Ashwini Pokle and
                  Marynel V{\'{a}}zquez and
                  Kevin Chen and
                  Juan Carlos Niebles and
                  Alvaro Soto and
                  Silvio Savarese},
  title        = {Translating Navigation Instructions in Natural Language to a High-Level
                  Plan for Behavioral Robot Navigation},
  booktitle    = {{EMNLP}},
  pages        = {2657--2666},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/er/FonsecaAGC18,
  author       = {Claudenir M. Fonseca and
                  Jo{\~{a}}o Paulo A. Almeida and
                  Giancarlo Guizzardi and
                  Victorio Albani de Carvalho},
  title        = {Multi-level Conceptual Modeling: From a Formal Theory to a Well-Founded
                  Language},
  booktitle    = {{ER}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {11157},
  pages        = {409--423},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fire/BPP18,
  author       = {B. Premjith and
                  Soman K. P and
                  Prabaharan Poornachandran},
  title        = {A deep learning based Part-of-Speech {(POS)} tagger for Sanskrit language
                  by embedding character level features},
  booktitle    = {{FIRE}},
  pages        = {56--60},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fpt/SherwinSTWS18,
  author       = {Krystine Dawn Sherwin and
                  Ben Stappers and
                  Prabu Thiagaraj and
                  Kevin I{-}Kai Wang and
                  Oliver Sinnen},
  title        = {Investigating How Hardware Architectures are Expressed in High-Level
                  Languages for an {SKA} Algorithm},
  booktitle    = {{FPT}},
  pages        = {302--305},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/hpca/GutierrezBDGLKK18,
  author       = {Anthony Gutierrez and
                  Bradford M. Beckmann and
                  Alexandru Dutu and
                  Joseph Gross and
                  Michael LeBeane and
                  John Kalamatianos and
                  Onur Kayiran and
                  Matthew Poremba and
                  Brandon Potter and
                  Sooraj Puthoor and
                  Matthew D. Sinclair and
                  Mark Wyse and
                  Jieming Yin and
                  Xianwei Zhang and
                  Akshay Jain and
                  Timothy G. Rogers},
  title        = {Lost in Abstraction: Pitfalls of Analyzing GPUs at the Intermediate
                  Language Level},
  booktitle    = {{HPCA}},
  pages        = {608--619},
  publisher    = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ialp/SarmaSG18,
  author       = {Neelakshi Sarma and
                  Sanasam Ranbir Singh and
                  Diganta Goswami},
  title        = {Word Level Language Identification in Assamese-Bengali-Hindi-English
                  Code-Mixed Social Media Text},
  booktitle    = {{IALP}},
  pages        = {261--266},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ica2/HninNW18,
  author       = {Cho Cho Hnin and
                  Naw Naw and
                  Aung Win},
  title        = {Aspect Level Opinion Mining for Hotel Reviews in Myanmar Language},
  booktitle    = {{ICA}},
  pages        = {132--135},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icacci/ChaitanyaMGT18,
  author       = {Chaitanya Inumella and
                  Indeevar Madapakula and
                  Subham Kumar Gupta and
                  S. Thara},
  title        = {Word Level Language Identification in Code-Mixed Data using Word Embedding
                  Methods for Indian Languages},
  booktitle    = {{ICACCI}},
  pages        = {1137--1141},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icdm/ZhangLWCLWW18,
  author       = {Kun Zhang and
                  Guangyi Lv and
                  Le Wu and
                  Enhong Chen and
                  Qi Liu and
                  Han Wu and
                  Fangzhao Wu},
  title        = {Image-Enhanced Multi-level Sentence Representation Net for Natural
                  Language Inference},
  booktitle    = {{ICDM}},
  pages        = {747--756},
  publisher    = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icfem/BergGDG18,
  author       = {Nils Berg and
                  Thomas G{\"{o}}thel and
                  Armin Danziger and
                  Sabine Glesner},
  title        = {Preserving Liveness Guarantees from Synchronous Communication to Asynchronous
                  Unstructured Low-Level Languages},
  booktitle    = {{ICFEM}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {11232},
  pages        = {303--319},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/interspeech/ChoiPS18,
  author       = {Iksoo Choi and
                  Jinhwan Park and
                  Wonyong Sung},
  title        = {Character-level Language Modeling with Gated Hierarchical Recurrent
                  Neural Networks},
  booktitle    = {{INTERSPEECH}},
  pages        = {411--415},
  publisher    = {{ISCA}},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/isca/CuiDDHMJTCS18,
  author       = {Weilong Cui and
                  Yongshan Ding and
                  Deeksha Dangwal and
                  Adam Holmes and
                  Joseph McMahan and
                  Ali JavadiAbhari and
                  Georgios Tzimpragos and
                  Frederic T. Chong and
                  Timothy Sherwood},
  title        = {Charm: {A} Language for Closed-Form High-Level Architecture Modeling},
  booktitle    = {{ISCA}},
  pages        = {152--165},
  publisher    = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/iwsds/RamanarayananPQ18,
  author       = {Vikram Ramanarayanan and
                  Robert Pugh and
                  Yao Qian and
                  David Suendermann{-}Oeft},
  title        = {Automatic Turn-Level Language Identification for Code-Switched Spanish-English
                  Dialog},
  booktitle    = {{IWSDS}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering},
  volume       = {579},
  pages        = {51--61},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/lrec/ParkS18,
  author       = {Suzi Park and
                  Hyopil Shin},
  title        = {Grapheme-level Awareness in Word Embeddings for Morphologically Rich
                  Languages},
  booktitle    = {{LREC}},
  publisher    = {European Language Resources Association {(ELRA)}},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/models/Kaczmarek-HessN18,
  author       = {Monika Kaczmarek{-}He{\ss} and
                  Mario Nolte and
                  Andreas Fritsch and
                  Stefanie Betz},
  title        = {Practical experiences with multi-level modeling using FMMLx: a hierarchy
                  of domain-specific modeling languages in support of life-cycle assessment},
  booktitle    = {MoDELS (Workshops)},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
  volume       = {2245},
  pages        = {698--707},
  publisher    = {CEUR-WS.org},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/naacl/BjervaA18,
  author       = {Johannes Bjerva and
                  Isabelle Augenstein},
  title        = {From Phonology to Syntax: Unsupervised Linguistic Typology at Different
                  Levels with Language Embeddings},
  booktitle    = {{NAACL-HLT}},
  pages        = {907--916},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/osdi/CutlerKM18,
  author       = {Cody Cutler and
                  M. Frans Kaashoek and
                  Robert Tappan Morris},
  title        = {The benefits and costs of writing a {POSIX} kernel in a high-level
                  language},
  booktitle    = {{OSDI}},
  pages        = {89--105},
  publisher    = {{USENIX} Association},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/paclic/GundapuM18,
  author       = {Sunil Gundapu and
                  Radhika Mamidi},
  title        = {Word Level Language Identification in English Telugu Code Mixed Data},
  booktitle    = {{PACLIC}},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/sam/VillotaMS18,
  author       = {{\'{A}}ngela Villota and
                  Ra{\'{u}}l Mazo and
                  Camille Salinesi},
  title        = {On the Ontological Expressiveness of the High-Level Constraint Language
                  for Product Line Specification},
  booktitle    = {{SAM}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {11150},
  pages        = {46--66},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/sigdial/RamanarayananP18,
  author       = {Vikram Ramanarayanan and
                  Robert Pugh},
  title        = {Automatic Token and Turn Level Language Identification for Code-Switched
                  Text Dialog: An Analysis Across Language Pairs and Corpora},
  booktitle    = {{SIGDIAL} Conference},
  pages        = {80--88},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/siu/Benligiray18,
  author       = {Burak Benligiray},
  title        = {Correcting writing errors in turkish with a character-level neural
                  language model},
  booktitle    = {{SIU}},
  pages        = {1--4},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/tencon/GuptaGAG18,
  author       = {Kanika Gupta and
                  Kartikeya Singh Gour and
                  Sompal Arya and
                  Suryakanth V. Gangashetty},
  title        = {Decision Level Fusion based Approach for Indian Languages Identification
                  using Deep Neural Network},
  booktitle    = {{TENCON}},
  pages        = {2056--2059},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/tsd/ShtekhKN18,
  author       = {Gennady Shtekh and
                  Polina Kazakova and
                  Nikita Nikitinsky},
  title        = {Adjusting Machine Translation Datasets for Document-Level Cross-Language
                  Information Retrieval: Methodology},
  booktitle    = {{TSD}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {11107},
  pages        = {84--94},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/vardial/Ali18b,
  author       = {Mohamed Ali},
  title        = {Character Level Convolutional Neural Network for Indo-Aryan Language
                  Identification},
  booktitle    = {VarDial@COLING 2018},
  pages        = {283--287},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/webmedia/TercasMLNN18,
  author       = {Lucas de Mac{\^{e}}do Ter{\c{c}}as and
                  Daniel de Sousa Moraes and
                  Thacyla de Sousa Lima and
                  Manoel Carvalho Marques Neto and
                  Carlos de Salles Soares Neto},
  title        = {Introducing Different Levels of Reuse to a Hypermedia Authoring Language
                  with Macros and Templates},
  booktitle    = {WebMedia},
  pages        = {117--124},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/wmt/ZhangK18,
  author       = {Longtu Zhang and
                  Mamoru Komachi},
  title        = {Neural Machine Translation of Logographic Language Using Sub-character
                  Level Information},
  booktitle    = {{WMT}},
  pages        = {17--25},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/wocc/SiuLCCJC18,
  author       = {Wing{-}Lun Siu and
                  Tze{-}Suen Lim and
                  Yu{-}Ren Chen and
                  Yi{-}Lin Chen and
                  Yan{-}An Jou and
                  Yi{-}Chung Chen},
  title        = {Using an English language education {APP} to understand the English
                  level of students},
  booktitle    = {{WOCC}},
  pages        = {1--3},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2018}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1908-01572,
  author       = {Patrik Jansson and
                  S{\'{o}}lr{\'{u}}n Halla Einarsd{\'{o}}ttir and
                  Cezar Ionescu},
  title        = {Examples and Results from a BSc-level Course on Domain Specific Languages
                  of Mathematics},
  booktitle    = {TFPIE@TFP},
  series       = {{EPTCS}},
  volume       = {295},
  pages        = {79--90},
  year         = {2018}
}
@incollection{DBLP:series/gidiss/Rigger18,
  author       = {Manuel Rigger},
  title        = {Memory-safe Execution of Low-level Languages on a Java Virtual Machine},
  booktitle    = {Ausgezeichnete Informatikdissertationen},
  series       = {{LNI}},
  volume       = {{D-19}},
  pages        = {201--210},
  publisher    = {{GI}},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1801-00687,
  author       = {Ilya Sergey and
                  Amrit Kumar and
                  Aquinas Hobor},
  title        = {Scilla: a Smart Contract Intermediate-Level LAnguage},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1801.00687},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1802-09375,
  author       = {Johannes Bjerva and
                  Isabelle Augenstein},
  title        = {From Phonology to Syntax: Unsupervised Linguistic Typology at Different
                  Levels with Language Embeddings},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1802.09375},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1803-00652,
  author       = {Krysta M. Svore and
                  Alan Geller and
                  Matthias Troyer and
                  John Azariah and
                  Christopher E. Granade and
                  Bettina Heim and
                  Vadym Kliuchnikov and
                  Mariia Mykhailova and
                  Andres Paz and
                  Martin Roetteler},
  title        = {Q{\#}: Enabling scalable quantum computing and development with a
                  high-level domain-specific language},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1803.00652},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1804-08205,
  author       = {S. J. Mielke and
                  Jason Eisner},
  title        = {Spell Once, Summon Anywhere: {A} Two-Level Open-Vocabulary Language
                  Model},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1804.08205},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1805-05062,
  author       = {Maha Elbayad and
                  Laurent Besacier and
                  Jakob Verbeek},
  title        = {Token-level and sequence-level loss smoothing for {RNN} language models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1805.05062},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1806-02041,
  author       = {Mikolaj Bojanczyk and
                  Filippo Cavallari and
                  Thomas Place and
                  Michal Skrzypczak},
  title        = {Regular tree languages in low levels of Wadge Hierarchy},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1806.02041},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1806-04185,
  author       = {Benjamin E. Nye and
                  Junyi Jessy Li and
                  Roma Patel and
                  Yinfei Yang and
                  Iain James Marshall and
                  Ani Nenkova and
                  Byron C. Wallace},
  title        = {A Corpus with Multi-Level Annotations of Patients, Interventions and
                  Outcomes to Support Language Processing for Medical Literature},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1806.04185},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1808-04444,
  author       = {Rami Al{-}Rfou and
                  Dokook Choe and
                  Noah Constant and
                  Mandy Guo and
                  Llion Jones},
  title        = {Character-Level Language Modeling with Deeper Self-Attention},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1808.04444},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1809-02694,
  author       = {Longtu Zhang and
                  Mamoru Komachi},
  title        = {Neural Machine Translation of Logographic Languages Using Sub-character
                  Level Information},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1809.02694},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1810-00324,
  author       = {Walid S. Saba},
  title        = {On the Winograd Schema Challenge: Levels of Language Understanding
                  and the Phenomenon of the Missing Text},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1810.00324},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1810-00663,
  author       = {Xiaoxue Zang and
                  Ashwini Pokle and
                  Marynel V{\'{a}}zquez and
                  Kevin Chen and
                  Juan Carlos Niebles and
                  Alvaro Soto and
                  Silvio Savarese},
  title        = {Translating Navigation Instructions in Natural Language to a High-Level
                  Plan for Behavioral Robot Navigation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1810.00663},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1812-10860,
  author       = {Samuel R. Bowman and
                  Ellie Pavlick and
                  Edouard Grave and
                  Benjamin Van Durme and
                  Alex Wang and
                  Jan Hula and
                  Patrick Xia and
                  Raghavendra Pappagari and
                  R. Thomas McCoy and
                  Roma Patel and
                  Najoung Kim and
                  Ian Tenney and
                  Yinghui Huang and
                  Katherin Yu and
                  Shuning Jin and
                  Berlin Chen},
  title        = {Looking for ELMo's friends: Sentence-Level Pretraining Beyond Language
                  Modeling},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1812.10860},
  year         = {2018}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1802-07584,
  title        = {DeepASL: Enabling Ubiquitous and Non-Intrusive Word and Sentence-Level
                  Sign Language Translation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1802.07584},
  year         = {2018},
  note         = {Withdrawn.}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/basesearch/Bittig17,
  author       = {Arne T. Bittig},
  title        = {ML-Space: hybrid spatial Gillespie and Brownian motion simulation
                  at multiple levels, and a rule-based description language},
  school       = {Rostock University, Germany},
  year         = {2017}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/basesearch/Iyyer17,
  author       = {Mohit Iyyer},
  title        = {Discourse-Level Language Understanding with Deep Learning},
  school       = {University of Maryland, College Park, MD, {USA}},
  year         = {2017}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/ch/Klonatos17,
  author       = {Yannis Klonatos},
  title        = {Building Efficient Query Engines using High-Level Languages},
  school       = {EPFL, Switzerland},
  year         = {2017}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/ch/Petrashko17,
  author       = {Dmitry Petrashko},
  title        = {Design and implementation of an optimizing type-centric compiler for
                  a high-level language},
  school       = {EPFL, Switzerland},
  year         = {2017}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/ethos/Pavletic17,
  author       = {Domenik Pavletic},
  title        = {Interactive multi-level debugging for extensible programming languages},
  school       = {University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, {UK}},
  year         = {2017}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/us/Aldous17,
  author       = {Peter Aldous},
  title        = {Noninterference in Expressive Low-Level Languages},
  school       = {University of Utah, {USA}},
  year         = {2017}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/chb/AertsSV17,
  author       = {Goele Aerts and
                  Tim Smits and
                  Peeter W. J. Verlegh},
  title        = {How online consumer reviews are influenced by the language and valence
                  of prior reviews: {A} construal level perspective},
  journal      = {Comput. Hum. Behav.},
  volume       = {75},
  pages        = {855--864},
  year         = {2017}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/cluster/NazirAMACKZKK17,
  author       = {Anam Nazir and
                  Masoom Alam and
                  Saif Ur Rehman Malik and
                  Adnan Akhunzada and
                  Muhammad Nadeem Cheema and
                  Muhammad Khurram Khan and
                  Yang Ziang and
                  Tanveer Khan and
                  Abid Khan},
  title        = {A high-level domain-specific language for {SIEM} (design, development
                  and formal verification)},
  journal      = {Clust. Comput.},
  volume       = {20},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {2423--2437},
  year         = {2017}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/computer/Floriani17,
  author       = {Leila De Floriani},
  title        = {A High-level Language for Interactive Data Visualization},
  journal      = {Computer},
  volume       = {50},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {13},
  year         = {2017}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ijpp/BourgoinCL17,
  author       = {Mathias Bourgoin and
                  Emmanuel Chailloux and
                  Jean Luc Lamotte},
  title        = {High Level Data Structures for {GPGPU} Programming in a Statically
                  Typed Language},
  journal      = {Int. J. Parallel Program.},
  volume       = {45},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {242--261},
  year         = {2017}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/isf/FreitasPLB17,
  author       = {Fernando de Almeida Freitas and
                  Sarajane Marques Peres and
                  Clodoaldo Ap. M. Lima and
                  Felipe Ven{\^{a}}ncio Barbosa},
  title        = {Grammatical facial expression recognition in sign language discourse:
                  a study at the syntax level},
  journal      = {Inf. Syst. Frontiers},
  volume       = {19},
  number       = {6},
  pages        = {1243--1259},
  year         = {2017}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jms/ElakkiyaS17,
  author       = {R. Elakkiya and
                  K. Selvamani},
  title        = {Extricating Manual and Non-Manual Features for Subunit Level Medical
                  Sign Modelling in Automatic Sign Language Classification and Recognition},
  journal      = {J. Medical Syst.},
  volume       = {41},
  number       = {11},
  pages        = {175:1--175:13},
  year         = {2017}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jois/NagendraswamyK17,
  author       = {H. S. Nagendraswamy and
                  B. M. Chethana Kumara},
  title        = {{LBPV} for Recognition of Sign Language at Sentence Level: An Approach
                  Based on Symbolic Representation},
  journal      = {J. Intell. Syst.},
  volume       = {26},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {371},
  year         = {2017}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/tomacs/Hillston17,
  author       = {Jane Hillston},
  title        = {Replicated Computations Results {(RCR)} Report for "Semantics and
                  Efficient Simulation Algorithms for an Expressive Multi-Level Modeling
                  Language"},
  journal      = {{ACM} Trans. Model. Comput. Simul.},
  volume       = {27},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {9},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/RijhwaniSCBM17,
  author       = {Shruti Rijhwani and
                  Royal Sequiera and
                  Monojit Choudhury and
                  Kalika Bali and
                  Chandra Shekhar Maddila},
  title        = {Estimating Code-Switching on Twitter with a Novel Generalized Word-Level
                  Language Detection Technique},
  booktitle    = {{ACL} {(1)}},
  pages        = {1971--1982},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aiide/KhalifaT17,
  author       = {Ahmed Khalifa and
                  Julian Togelius},
  title        = {Marahel: {A} Language for Constructive Level Generation},
  booktitle    = {{AIIDE} Workshops},
  series       = {{AAAI} Technical Report},
  volume       = {{WS-17}},
  publisher    = {{AAAI} Press},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/amcis/IvanovS17,
  author       = {Anton Ivanov and
                  Raj Sharman},
  title        = {Does Psychological Language Used on Twitter Exert a Placebo Effect
                  on County-Level Cancer Mortality?},
  booktitle    = {{AMCIS}},
  publisher    = {Association for Information Systems},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/asru/HoriWH17,
  author       = {Takaaki Hori and
                  Shinji Watanabe and
                  John R. Hershey},
  title        = {Multi-level language modeling and decoding for open vocabulary end-to-end
                  speech recognition},
  booktitle    = {{ASRU}},
  pages        = {287--293},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cicling/PengC17,
  author       = {Haiyun Peng and
                  Erik Cambria},
  title        = {CSenticNet: {A} Concept-Level Resource for Sentiment Analysis in Chinese
                  Language},
  booktitle    = {CICLing {(2)}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {10762},
  pages        = {90--104},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/compute/PhadteW17,
  author       = {Akshata Phadte and
                  Ramrao Wagh},
  title        = {Word Level Language Identification system for Konkani-English Code-Mixed
                  Social Media Text {(CMST)}},
  booktitle    = {{COMPUTE}},
  pages        = {103--107},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/eacl/DupouxLG17,
  author       = {Ga{\"{e}}l Le Godais and
                  Tal Linzen and
                  Emmanuel Dupoux},
  title        = {Comparing Character-level Neural Language Models Using a Lexical Decision
                  Task},
  booktitle    = {{EACL} {(2)}},
  pages        = {125--130},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/AlvaO17,
  author       = {Carlo Alva and
                  Arturo Oncevay{-}Marcos},
  title        = {Spell-Checking based on Syllabification and Character-level Graphs
                  for a Peruvian Agglutinative Language},
  booktitle    = {SWCN@EMNLP},
  pages        = {109--116},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/YuKLK17,
  author       = {Seunghak Yu and
                  Nilesh Kulkarni and
                  Haejun Lee and
                  Jihie Kim},
  title        = {Syllable-level Neural Language Model for Agglutinative Language},
  booktitle    = {SWCN@EMNLP},
  pages        = {92--96},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/europlop/Silva17,
  author       = {Alberto Rodrigues da Silva},
  title        = {Linguistic Patterns and Linguistic Styles for Requirements Specification
                  {(I):} An Application Case with the Rigorous RSL/Business-Level Language},
  booktitle    = {EuroPLoP},
  pages        = {22:1--22:27},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/heart/KugaFAIS17,
  author       = {Morihiro Kuga and
                  Kansuke Fukuda and
                  Motoki Amagasaki and
                  Masahiro Iida and
                  Toshinori Sueyoshi},
  title        = {High-level Synthesis based on Parallel Design Patterns using a Functional
                  Language},
  booktitle    = {{HEART}},
  pages        = {23:1--23:6},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icacci/VeenaKS17,
  author       = {P. V. Veena and
                  M. Anand Kumar and
                  K. P. Soman},
  title        = {An effective way of word-level language identification for code-mixed
                  facebook comments using word-embedding via character-embedding},
  booktitle    = {{ICACCI}},
  pages        = {1552--1556},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icassp/AthiwaratkunS17,
  author       = {Ben Athiwaratkun and
                  Jack W. Stokes},
  title        = {Malware classification with {LSTM} and {GRU} language models and a
                  character-level {CNN}},
  booktitle    = {{ICASSP}},
  pages        = {2482--2486},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icassp/HwangS17,
  author       = {Kyuyeon Hwang and
                  Wonyong Sung},
  title        = {Character-level language modeling with hierarchical recurrent neural
                  networks},
  booktitle    = {{ICASSP}},
  pages        = {5720--5724},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icassp/IrieGSN17,
  author       = {Kazuki Irie and
                  Pavel Golik and
                  Ralf Schl{\"{u}}ter and
                  Hermann Ney},
  title        = {Investigations on byte-level convolutional neural networks for language
                  modeling in low resource speech recognition},
  booktitle    = {{ICASSP}},
  pages        = {5740--5744},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/iccip/SamonteVVV17,
  author       = {Mary Jane C. Samonte and
                  Noli M. Valdez III and
                  Mikko G. Villanueva},
  title        = {Computer-aided Japanese language learning for {N4} and {N5} level},
  booktitle    = {{ICCIP}},
  pages        = {237--241},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/iclr/BielikRV17,
  author       = {Pavol Bielik and
                  Veselin Raychev and
                  Martin T. Vechev},
  title        = {Program Synthesis for Character Level Language Modeling},
  booktitle    = {{ICLR} (Poster)},
  publisher    = {OpenReview.net},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icws/ZhuangWLWZ17,
  author       = {Hang Zhuang and
                  Chao Wang and
                  Changlong Li and
                  Qingfeng Wang and
                  Xuehai Zhou},
  title        = {Natural Language Processing Service Based on Stroke-Level Convolutional
                  Networks for Chinese Text Classification},
  booktitle    = {{ICWS}},
  pages        = {404--411},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/interaccion/TuyaR17,
  author       = {Andr{\'{e}}s Sa{\'{u}}l de la Serna Tuya and
                  Estela De Lourdes Ju{\'{a}}rez Ruiz},
  title        = {Level of educational attainment by the use of the tablets as a didactic-digital
                  resource, the competence of language and communication in the third
                  year kindergarten},
  booktitle    = {Interacci{\'{o}}n},
  pages        = {34:1--34:2},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ipps/StornaiuoloPDS17,
  author       = {Luca Stornaiuolo and
                  Alberto Parravicini and
                  Gianluca Durelli and
                  Marco D. Santambrogio},
  title        = {Exploiting FPGAs from Higher Level Languages {A} Signal Analysis Case
                  Study},
  booktitle    = {{IPDPS} Workshops},
  pages        = {132--140},
  publisher    = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/isca/KolliGSDCNW17,
  author       = {Aasheesh Kolli and
                  Vaibhav Gogte and
                  Ali G. Saidi and
                  Stephan Diestelhorst and
                  Peter M. Chen and
                  Satish Narayanasamy and
                  Thomas F. Wenisch},
  title        = {Language-level persistency},
  booktitle    = {{ISCA}},
  pages        = {481--493},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/mipro/KrpanMZ17,
  author       = {Divna Krpan and
                  Sasa Mladenovic and
                  Goran Zaharija},
  title        = {Mediated transfer from visual to high-level programming language},
  booktitle    = {{MIPRO}},
  pages        = {800--805},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ranlp/CalixtoL17,
  author       = {Iacer Calixto and
                  Qun Liu},
  title        = {Sentence-Level Multilingual Multi-modal Embedding for Natural Language
                  Processing},
  booktitle    = {{RANLP}},
  pages        = {139--148},
  publisher    = {{INCOMA} Ltd.},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/rep4nlp/MoirangthemSL17,
  author       = {Dennis Singh Moirangthem and
                  Jegyung Son and
                  Minho Lee},
  title        = {Representing Compositionality based on Multiple Timescales Gated Recurrent
                  Neural Networks with Adaptive Temporal Hierarchy for Character-Level
                  Language Models},
  booktitle    = {Rep4NLP@ACL},
  pages        = {131--138},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/repeval/YangCF17,
  author       = {Han Yang and
                  Marta R. Costa{-}juss{\`{a}} and
                  Jos{\'{e}} A. R. Fonollosa},
  title        = {Character-level Intra Attention Network for Natural Language Inference},
  booktitle    = {RepEval@EMNLP},
  pages        = {46--50},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/semanticaudio/KorzeniowskiW17,
  author       = {Filip Korzeniowski and
                  Gerhard Widmer},
  title        = {On the Futility of Learning Complex Frame-Level Language Models for
                  Chord Recognition},
  booktitle    = {Semantic Audio},
  publisher    = {Audio Engineering Society},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/sensys/FangC017,
  author       = {Biyi Fang and
                  Jillian Co and
                  Mi Zhang},
  title        = {DeepASL: Enabling Ubiquitous and Non-Intrusive Word and Sentence-Level
                  Sign Language Translation},
  booktitle    = {SenSys},
  pages        = {5:1--5:13},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/taln/LabeauA17,
  author       = {Matthieu Labeau and
                  Alexandre Allauzen},
  title        = {Repr{\'{e}}sentations continues d{\'{e}}riv{\'{e}}es
                  des caract{\`{e}}res pour un mod{\`{e}}le de langue neuronal {\`{a}}
                  vocabulaire ouvert (Opening the vocabulary of neural language models
                  with character-level word representations)},
  booktitle    = {{TALN}},
  pages        = {32--46},
  publisher    = {{ATALA}},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/vardial/CriscuoloA17,
  author       = {Marcelo Criscuolo and
                  Sandra Maria Alu{\'{\i}}sio},
  title        = {Discriminating between Similar Languages with Word-level Convolutional
                  Neural Networks},
  booktitle    = {VarDial},
  pages        = {124--130},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/websci/GovindS17,
  author       = {Govind and
                  Marc Spaniol},
  title        = {{ELEVATE:} {A} Framework for Entity-level Event Diffusion Prediction
                  into Foreign Language Communities},
  booktitle    = {WebSci},
  pages        = {111--120},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2017}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:journals/entcs/MahmoudF18,
  author       = {Mohamed Yousri Mahmoud and
                  Amy P. Felty},
  title        = {Formal Meta-level Analysis Framework for Quantum Programming Languages},
  booktitle    = {{LSFA}},
  series       = {Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science},
  volume       = {338},
  pages        = {185--201},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  year         = {2017}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/KorzeniowskiW17,
  author       = {Filip Korzeniowski and
                  Gerhard Widmer},
  title        = {On the Futility of Learning Complex Frame-Level Language Models for
                  Chord Recognition},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1702.00178},
  year         = {2017}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/YangCF17,
  author       = {Han Yang and
                  Marta R. Costa{-}juss{\`{a}} and
                  Jos{\'{e}} A. R. Fonollosa},
  title        = {Character-level Intra Attention Network for Natural Language Inference},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1707.07469},
  year         = {2017}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1708-05515,
  author       = {Seunghak Yu and
                  Nilesh Kulkarni and
                  Haejun Lee and
                  Jihie Kim},
  title        = {Syllable-level Neural Language Model for Agglutinative Language},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1708.05515},
  year         = {2017}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1709-04619,
  author       = {Keehang Kwon},
  title        = {Extending Functional Languages with High-Level Exception Handling},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1709.04619},
  year         = {2017}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1712-00557,
  author       = {Aaron Tuor and
                  Ryan Baerwolf and
                  Nicolas Knowles and
                  Brian Hutchinson and
                  Nicole Nichols and
                  Robert Jasper},
  title        = {Recurrent Neural Network Language Models for Open Vocabulary Event-Level
                  Cyber Anomaly Detection},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1712.00557},
  year         = {2017}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1712-04706,
  author       = {Mehdi Mohammadi and
                  Ala I. Al{-}Fuqaha and
                  Zijiang James Yang},
  title        = {A High-Level Rule-based Language for Software Defined Network Programming
                  based on OpenFlow},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1712.04706},
  year         = {2017}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/dnb/Pentchev16,
  author       = {Hristo Pentchev},
  title        = {Sound semantics of a high-level language with interprocessor interrupts},
  school       = {Saarland University, Saarbr{\"{u}}cken, Germany},
  year         = {2016}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/ethos/Alreshidi16,
  author       = {Abdulrahman Alreshidi},
  title        = {A generic high-level specification language for non-functional properties
                  of component-based systems},
  school       = {King's College London, {UK}},
  year         = {2016}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/ndltd/Griebler16,
  author       = {Dalvan Griebler},
  title        = {Domain-specific language {\&} support tools for high-level stream
                  parallelism},
  school       = {Pontif{\'{\i}}cia Universidade Cat{\'{o}}lica do Rio Grande
                  do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil},
  year         = {2016}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/cssp/RamaniJVN16,
  author       = {B. Ramani and
                  M. P. Actlin Jeeva and
                  P. Vijayalakshmi and
                  T. Nagarajan},
  title        = {A Multi-level GMM-Based Cross-Lingual Voice Conversion Using Language-Specific
                  Mixture Weights for Polyglot Synthesis},
  journal      = {Circuits Syst. Signal Process.},
  volume       = {35},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {1283--1311},
  year         = {2016}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/es/PerikosGKH16,
  author       = {Isidoros Perikos and
                  Foteini Grivokostopoulou and
                  Konstantinos Kovas and
                  Ioannis Hatzilygeroudis},
  title        = {Automatic estimation of exercises' difficulty levels in a tutoring
                  system for teaching the conversion of natural language into first-order
                  logic},
  journal      = {Expert Syst. J. Knowl. Eng.},
  volume       = {33},
  number       = {6},
  pages        = {569--580},
  year         = {2016}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ijmssc/AliyuMT16,
  author       = {Hamzat Olanrewaju Aliyu and
                  Oumar Y. Ma{\"{\i}}ga and
                  Mamadou Kaba Traor{\'{e}}},
  title        = {The high level language for system specification: {A} model-driven
                  approach to systems engineering},
  journal      = {Int. J. Model. Simul. Sci. Comput.},
  volume       = {7},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {1641003:1--1641003:35},
  year         = {2016}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jcit-igi/Cabezuelo16,
  author       = {Antonio Sarasa Cabezuelo},
  title        = {A System to Manage Grammatical Level Tests in the Context of Language
                  Schools},
  journal      = {J. Cases Inf. Technol.},
  volume       = {18},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {53--69},
  year         = {2016}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/mta/ElhoseinyE16,
  author       = {Mohamed Elhoseiny and
                  Ahmed M. Elgammal},
  title        = {Text to multi-level MindMaps - {A} novel method for hierarchical visual
                  abstraction of natural language text},
  journal      = {Multim. Tools Appl.},
  volume       = {75},
  number       = {8},
  pages        = {4217--4244},
  year         = {2016}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/neuroimage/MahowaldF16,
  author       = {Kyle Mahowald and
                  Evelina Fedorenko},
  title        = {Reliable individual-level neural markers of high-level language processing:
                  {A} necessary precursor for relating neural variability to behavioral
                  and genetic variability},
  journal      = {NeuroImage},
  volume       = {139},
  pages        = {74--93},
  year         = {2016}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/prl/YangTY16,
  author       = {Wenwen Yang and
                  Jinxu Tao and
                  Zhongfu Ye},
  title        = {Continuous sign language recognition using level building based on
                  fast hidden Markov model},
  journal      = {Pattern Recognit. Lett.},
  volume       = {78},
  pages        = {28--35},
  year         = {2016}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/wpc/YangYL16,
  author       = {YeongWook Yang and
                  WonHee Yu and
                  Heuiseok Lim},
  title        = {Predicting Second Language Proficiency Level Using Linguistic Cognitive
                  Task and Machine Learning Techniques},
  journal      = {Wirel. Pers. Commun.},
  volume       = {86},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {271--285},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/IEEEcloud/TataMSMAL16,
  author       = {Samir Tata and
                  Mohamed Mohamed and
                  Takashi Sakairi and
                  NagaPramod Mandagere and
                  Obinna Anya and
                  Heiko Ludwig},
  title        = {rSLA: {A} Service Level Agreement Language for Cloud Services},
  booktitle    = {{CLOUD}},
  pages        = {415--422},
  publisher    = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl-codeswitch/PiergalliniSGC16,
  author       = {Mario Piergallini and
                  Rouzbeh A. Shirvani and
                  Gauri Shankar Gautam and
                  Mohamed F. Chouikha},
  title        = {Word-Level Language Identification and Predicting Codeswitching Points
                  in Swahili-English Language Data},
  booktitle    = {CodeSwitch@EMNLP},
  pages        = {21--29},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/PichottaM16,
  author       = {Karl Pichotta and
                  Raymond J. Mooney},
  title        = {Using Sentence-Level {LSTM} Language Models for Script Inference},
  booktitle    = {{ACL} {(1)}},
  publisher    = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ancs/HashemiNBC16,
  author       = {Sayed Hadi Hashemi and
                  Shadi A. Noghabi and
                  John Bellessa and
                  Roy H. Campbell},
  title        = {Toward Fabric: {A} Middleware Implementing High-level Description
                  Languages on a Fabric-like Network},
  booktitle    = {{ANCS}},
  pages        = {117--118},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/bcshci/WhiteTS16,
  author       = {Robert White and
                  Feng Tian and
                  Peter Smith},
  title        = {Code Lab - {A} Game That Teaches High Level Programming Languages},
  booktitle    = {{BCS} {HCI}},
  series       = {Workshops in Computing},
  publisher    = {{BCS}},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/birthday/HengleinR16,
  author       = {Fritz Henglein and
                  Jakob Rehof},
  title        = {Modal Intersection Types, Two-Level Languages, and Staged Synthesis},
  booktitle    = {Semantics, Logics, and Calculi},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {9560},
  pages        = {289--312},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cgo/KojuCKO16,
  author       = {Toshihiko Koju and
                  Reid Copeland and
                  Motohiro Kawahito and
                  Moriyoshi Ohara},
  title        = {Re-constructing high-level information for language-specific binary
                  re-optimization},
  booktitle    = {{CGO}},
  pages        = {273--283},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cnl/WynerNL16,
  author       = {Adam Z. Wyner and
                  Adeline Nazarenko and
                  Fran{\c{c}}ois L{\'{e}}vy},
  title        = {Towards a High-Level Controlled Language for Legal Sources on the
                  Semantic Web},
  booktitle    = {{CNL}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {9767},
  pages        = {92--101},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/coling/GelderloosC16,
  author       = {Lieke Gelderloos and
                  Grzegorz Chrupala},
  title        = {From phonemes to images: levels of representation in a recurrent neural
                  model of visually-grounded language learning},
  booktitle    = {{COLING}},
  pages        = {1309--1319},
  publisher    = {{ACL}},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cvpr/WuSLDH16,
  author       = {Qi Wu and
                  Chunhua Shen and
                  Lingqiao Liu and
                  Anthony R. Dick and
                  Anton van den Hengel},
  title        = {What Value Do Explicit High Level Concepts Have in Vision to Language
                  Problems?},
  booktitle    = {{CVPR}},
  pages        = {203--212},
  publisher    = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/edutainment/Bao16,
  author       = {Chun{-}Bo Bao},
  title        = {A Study of the Teaching Methods in the Course of the Programming of
                  High-Level Language Based on Moodle Platform},
  booktitle    = {Edutainment},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {9654},
  pages        = {101--110},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fdl/RingSLD16,
  author       = {Martin Ring and
                  Jannis Stoppe and
                  Christoph L{\"{u}}th and
                  Rolf Drechsler},
  title        = {Change impact analysis for hardware designs from natural language
                  to system level},
  booktitle    = {{FDL}},
  pages        = {1--7},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/hpec/OMalleyV16,
  author       = {Daniel O'Malley and
                  Velimir V. Vesselinov},
  title        = {ToQ.jl: {A} high-level programming language for D-Wave machines based
                  on Julia},
  booktitle    = {{HPEC}},
  pages        = {1--7},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/i-semantics/MartinB16,
  author       = {Philippe Martin and
                  J{\'{e}}r{\'{e}}my B{\'{e}}nard},
  title        = {Top-level Ideas about Importing, Translating and Exporting Knowledge
                  via an Ontology of Representation Languages},
  booktitle    = {SEMANTiCS},
  pages        = {89--92},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icacci/BalasankarSM16,
  author       = {C. Balasankar and
                  T. Sobha and
                  C. Manusankar},
  title        = {Multi-level inflection handling stemmer using iterative suffix-stripping
                  for Malayalam language},
  booktitle    = {{ICACCI}},
  pages        = {530--534},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/iros/BrafmanBA16,
  author       = {Ronen I. Brafman and
                  Michael Bar{-}Sinai and
                  Maor Ashkenazi},
  title        = {Performance level profiles: {A} formal language for describing the
                  expected performance of functional modules},
  booktitle    = {{IROS}},
  pages        = {1751--1756},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/iwomp/GrossmanSS16,
  author       = {Max Grossman and
                  Jun Shirako and
                  Vivek Sarkar},
  title        = {OpenMP as a High-Level Specification Language for Parallelism - And
                  its use in Evaluating Parallel Programming Systems},
  booktitle    = {{IWOMP}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {9903},
  pages        = {141--155},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/iwslt/LazaridisHMMG16,
  author       = {Alexandros Lazaridis and
                  Ivan Himawan and
                  Petr Motl{\'{\i}}cek and
                  Iosif Mporas and
                  Philip N. Garner},
  title        = {Investigating Cross-lingual Multi-level Adaptive Networks: The Importance
                  of the Correlation of Source and Target Languages},
  booktitle    = {{IWSLT}},
  publisher    = {International Workshop on Spoken Language Translation},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/kr/KazemiP16,
  author       = {Seyed Mehran Kazemi and
                  David Poole},
  title        = {Knowledge Compilation for Lifted Probabilistic Inference: Compiling
                  to a Low-Level Language},
  booktitle    = {{KR}},
  pages        = {561--564},
  publisher    = {{AAAI} Press},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/lrec/VolodinaPELLSS16,
  author       = {Elena Volodina and
                  Ildik{\'{o}} Pil{\'{a}}n and
                  Ingegerd Enstr{\"{o}}m and
                  Lorena Llozhi and
                  Peter Lundkvist and
                  Gunl{\"{o}}g Sundberg and
                  Monica Sandell},
  title        = {SweLL on the rise: Swedish Learner Language corpus for European Reference
                  Level studies},
  booktitle    = {{LREC}},
  publisher    = {European Language Resources Association {(ELRA)}},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/models/Prinz16,
  author       = {Andreas Prinz},
  title        = {Multi-level Language Descriptions},
  booktitle    = {MULTI@MoDELS},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
  volume       = {1722},
  pages        = {56--65},
  publisher    = {CEUR-WS.org},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/oopsla/RiggerGWWM16,
  author       = {Manuel Rigger and
                  Matthias Grimmer and
                  Christian Wimmer and
                  Thomas W{\"{u}}rthinger and
                  Hanspeter M{\"{o}}ssenb{\"{o}}ck},
  title        = {Bringing low-level languages to the {JVM:} efficient execution of
                  {LLVM} {IR} on Truffle},
  booktitle    = {VMIL@SPLASH},
  pages        = {6--15},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/rtip2r/ObaidullahSHD016,
  author       = {Sk Md Obaidullah and
                  KC Santosh and
                  Chayan Halder and
                  Nibaran Das and
                  Kaushik Roy},
  title        = {Word-Level Thirteen Official Indic Languages Database for Script Identification
                  in Multi-script Documents},
  booktitle    = {{RTIP2R}},
  series       = {Communications in Computer and Information Science},
  volume       = {709},
  pages        = {16--27},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/sacmat/FadhelBB16,
  author       = {Ameni Ben Fadhel and
                  Domenico Bianculli and
                  Lionel C. Briand},
  title        = {GemRBAC-DSL: {A} High-level Specification Language for Role-based
                  Access Control Policies},
  booktitle    = {{SACMAT}},
  pages        = {179--190},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/se/HanusT16,
  author       = {Michael Hanus and
                  Jan Rasmus Tikovsky},
  title        = {A Parser Generator System for Level-based Programming Languages},
  booktitle    = {Software Engineering (Workshops)},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
  volume       = {1559},
  pages        = {3--24},
  publisher    = {CEUR-WS.org},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/sebd/HelmerP16,
  author       = {Sven Helmer and
                  Fabio Persia},
  title        = {An Interval-based Query Language for High-level Surveillance Event
                  Detection},
  booktitle    = {{SEBD}},
  pages        = {126--133},
  publisher    = {Matematicamente.it},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/semco/HelmerP16,
  author       = {Sven Helmer and
                  Fabio Persia},
  title        = {High-Level Surveillance Event Detection Using an Interval-Based Query
                  Language},
  booktitle    = {{ICSC}},
  pages        = {39--46},
  publisher    = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/sofsem/BezirgiannisB16,
  author       = {Nikolaos Bezirgiannis and
                  Frank S. de Boer},
  title        = {{ABS:} {A} High-Level Modeling Language for Cloud-Aware Programming},
  booktitle    = {{SOFSEM}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {9587},
  pages        = {433--444},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/sp/AldousM16,
  author       = {Peter Aldous and
                  Matthew Might},
  title        = {A Posteriori Taint-Tracking for Demonstrating Non-interference in
                  Expressive Low-Level Languages},
  booktitle    = {{IEEE} Symposium on Security and Privacy Workshops},
  pages        = {179--184},
  publisher    = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ssci/JillepalliLSS16,
  author       = {Ananth A. Jillepalli and
                  Daniel Conte de Leon and
                  Stuart Steiner and
                  Frederick T. Sheldon},
  title        = {{HERMES:} {A} high-level policy language for high-granularity enterprise-wide
                  secure browser configuration management},
  booktitle    = {{SSCI}},
  pages        = {1--9},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/staf/PardiniM16,
  author       = {Giovanni Pardini and
                  Paolo Milazzo},
  title        = {A High-Level Model Checking Language with Compile-Time Pruning of
                  Local Variables},
  booktitle    = {{STAF} Workshops},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {9946},
  pages        = {67--82},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/syscon/RashidAA16,
  author       = {Muhammad Rashid and
                  Muhammad Waseem Anwar and
                  Farooque Azam},
  title        = {Expressing embedded systems verification aspects at higher abstraction
                  level - SystemVerilog in Object Constraint Language {(SVOCL)}},
  booktitle    = {SysCon},
  pages        = {1--7},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/vardial/BelinkovG16,
  author       = {Yonatan Belinkov and
                  James R. Glass},
  title        = {A Character-level Convolutional Neural Network for Distinguishing
                  Similar Languages and Dialects},
  booktitle    = {VarDial@COLING},
  pages        = {145--152},
  publisher    = {The {COLING} 2016 Organizing Committee},
  year         = {2016}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/vardial/KunchukuttanB16,
  author       = {Anoop Kunchukuttan and
                  Pushpak Bhattacharyya},
  title        = {Faster Decoding for Subword Level Phrase-based {SMT} between Related
                  Languages},
  booktitle    = {VarDial@COLING},
  pages        = {82--88},
  publisher    = {The {COLING} 2016 Organizing Committee},
  year         = {2016}
}
@proceedings{DBLP:conf/models/2016multi,
  editor       = {Colin Atkinson and
                  Georg Grossmann and
                  Tony Clark},
  title        = {Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Multi-Level Modelling
                  co-located with {ACM/IEEE} 19th International Conference on Model
                  Driven Engineering Languages {\&} Systems (MoDELS 2016), Saint-Malo,
                  France, October 4, 2016},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
  volume       = {1722},
  publisher    = {CEUR-WS.org},
  year         = {2016}
}
@proceedings{DBLP:conf/sc/2016wolfhpc,
  title        = {Sixth International Workshop on Domain-Specific Languages and High-Level
                  Frameworks for High Performance Computing, WOLFHPC@SC 2016, Salt Lake,
                  UT, USA, November 14, 2016},
  publisher    = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2016}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/Arora16,
  author       = {Kushal Arora},
  title        = {Contrastive Perplexity: {A} new evaluation metric for sentence level
                  language models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1601.00248},
  year         = {2016}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/BelinkovG16,
  author       = {Yonatan Belinkov and
                  James R. Glass},
  title        = {A Character-level Convolutional Neural Network for Distinguishing
                  Similar Languages and Dialects},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1609.07568},
  year         = {2016}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/GelderloosC16,
  author       = {Lieke Gelderloos and
                  Grzegorz Chrupala},
  title        = {From phonemes to images: levels of representation in a recurrent neural
                  model of visually-grounded language learning},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1610.03342},
  year         = {2016}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/HwangS16a,
  author       = {Kyuyeon Hwang and
                  Wonyong Sung},
  title        = {Character-Level Language Modeling with Hierarchical Recurrent Neural
                  Networks},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1609.03777},
  year         = {2016}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/KazemiP16,
  author       = {Seyed Mehran Kazemi and
                  David Poole},
  title        = {Why is Compiling Lifted Inference into a Low-Level Language so Effective?},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1606.04512},
  year         = {2016}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/KunchukuttanB16b,
  author       = {Anoop Kunchukuttan and
                  Pushpak Bhattacharyya},
  title        = {Faster decoding for subword level Phrase-based {SMT} between related
                  languages},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1611.00354},
  year         = {2016}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/KurataXZY16,
  author       = {Gakuto Kurata and
                  Bing Xiang and
                  Bowen Zhou and
                  Mo Yu},
  title        = {Leveraging Sentence-level Information with Encoder {LSTM} for Natural
                  Language Understanding},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1601.01530},
  year         = {2016}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/LakhfifLA16,
  author       = {Abdelaziz Lakhfif and
                  Mohamed Tayeb Laskri and
                  Eric Atwell},
  title        = {Multi-Level Analysis and Annotation of Arabic Corpora for Text-to-Sign
                  Language {MT}},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1605.07346},
  year         = {2016}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/PappasWM16,
  author       = {Konstantinos Pappas and
                  Steven R. Wilson and
                  Rada Mihalcea},
  title        = {Stateology: State-Level Interactive Charting of Language, Feelings,
                  and Values},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1612.06685},
  year         = {2016}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/PichottaM16,
  author       = {Karl Pichotta and
                  Raymond J. Mooney},
  title        = {Using Sentence-Level {LSTM} Language Models for Script Inference},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1604.02993},
  year         = {2016}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/ShaikhhaK016,
  author       = {Amir Shaikhha and
                  Yannis Klonatos and
                  Christoph Koch},
  title        = {Building Efficient Query Engines in a High-Level Language},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1612.05566},
  year         = {2016}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/VolodinaPELLSS16,
  author       = {Elena Volodina and
                  Ildik{\'{o}} Pil{\'{a}}n and
                  Ingegerd Enstr{\"{o}}m and
                  Lorena Llozhi and
                  Peter Lundkvist and
                  Gunl{\"{o}}g Sundberg and
                  Monica Sandell},
  title        = {SweLL on the rise: Swedish Learner Language corpus for European Reference
                  Level studies},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1604.06583},
  year         = {2016}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/XuSQJSWSC16,
  author       = {Yan Xu and
                  Siyuan Shan and
                  Ziming Qiu and
                  Zhipeng Jia and
                  Zhengyang Shen and
                  Yipei Wang and
                  Mengfei Shi and
                  Eric I{-}Chao Chang},
  title        = {End-to-End Subtitle Detection and Recognition for Videos in East Asian
                  Languages via {CNN} Ensemble with Near-Human-Level Performance},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1611.06159},
  year         = {2016}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/WangW16e,
  title        = {Incorporating Language Level Information into Acoustic Models},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1612.04744},
  year         = {2016},
  note         = {Withdrawn.}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/dnb/Ong15,
  author       = {Yongzhi Ong},
  title        = {Extension of the Rule-Based Programming Language {XL} by Concepts
                  for Multi-Scaled Modelling and Level-of-Detail Visualization},
  school       = {University of G{\"{o}}ttingen},
  year         = {2015}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/ethos/Sato15,
  author       = {Shinya Sato},
  title        = {Design and implementation of a low-level language for interaction
                  nets},
  school       = {University of Sussex, {UK}},
  year         = {2015}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/hal/Kirman15,
  author       = {J{\'{e}}r{\^{o}}me Kirman},
  title        = {Mise au point d'un formalisme de haut niveau pour le traitement automatique
                  des langues. {(A} high-level formalism for natural language processing)},
  school       = {University of Bordeaux, France},
  year         = {2015}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/hal/Laporte15,
  author       = {Vincent Laporte},
  title        = {Verified static analyzes for low-level languages. (V{\'{e}}rification
                  d'analyses statiques pour langages de bas niveau)},
  school       = {University of Rennes 1, France},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/cogsci/KolodnyLE15,
  author       = {Oren Kolodny and
                  Arnon Lotem and
                  Shimon Edelman},
  title        = {Learning a Generative Probabilistic Grammar of Experience: {A} Process-Level
                  Model of Language Acquisition},
  journal      = {Cogn. Sci.},
  volume       = {39},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {227--267},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/fac/ZhuHQB15,
  author       = {Huibiao Zhu and
                  Jifeng He and
                  Shengchao Qin and
                  Phillip J. Brooke},
  title        = {Denotational semantics and its algebraic derivation for an event-driven
                  system-level language},
  journal      = {Formal Aspects Comput.},
  volume       = {27},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {133--166},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ijcallt/HadarG15,
  author       = {Linor Lea Hadar and
                  Lynne Genser},
  title        = {Promoting Critical Thinking for All Ability Levels in an Online English
                  as a Second Language Course},
  journal      = {Int. J. Comput. Assist. Lang. Learn. Teach.},
  volume       = {5},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {71--88},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ijcallt/KungE15,
  author       = {Wan{-}Tsai Kung and
                  Zohreh R. Eslami},
  title        = {Learners of Different Language Proficiency Levels and Incidental Focus
                  on Form in Synchronous Text-based Discussion},
  journal      = {Int. J. Comput. Assist. Lang. Learn. Teach.},
  volume       = {5},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {42--59},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ijcvr/JayashreeMA15,
  author       = {R. Jayashree and
                  K. Srikanta Murthy and
                  Basavaraj S. Anami},
  title        = {Sentence level text classification in the Kannada language - a classifier's
                  perspective},
  journal      = {Int. J. Comput. Vis. Robotics},
  volume       = {5},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {254--270},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/is/AtkinsonGF15,
  author       = {Colin Atkinson and
                  Ralph Gerbig and
                  Mathias Fritzsche},
  title        = {A multi-level approach to modeling language extension in the Enterprise
                  Systems Domain},
  journal      = {Inf. Syst.},
  volume       = {54},
  pages        = {289--307},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jib/BergmannCNNW15,
  author       = {Frank T. Bergmann and
                  Jonathan Cooper and
                  Nicolas Le Nov{\`{e}}re and
                  David P. Nickerson and
                  Dagmar Waltemath},
  title        = {Simulation Experiment Description Markup Language {(SED-ML)} Level
                  1 Version 2},
  journal      = {J. Integr. Bioinform.},
  volume       = {12},
  number       = {2},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jib/ChaouiyaKBNTINH15,
  author       = {Claudine Chaouiya and
                  Sarah M. Keating and
                  Duncan B{\'{e}}renguier and
                  Aur{\'{e}}lien Naldi and
                  Denis Thieffry and
                  Martijn P. van Iersel and
                  Nicolas Le Nov{\`{e}}re and
                  Tom{\'{a}}s Helikar},
  title        = {The Systems Biology Markup Language {(SBML)} Level 3 Package: Qualitative
                  Models, Version 1, Release 1},
  journal      = {J. Integr. Bioinform.},
  volume       = {12},
  number       = {2},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jib/GaugesRSWB15,
  author       = {Ralph Gauges and
                  Ursula Rost and
                  Sven Sahle and
                  Katja Wengler and
                  Frank Thomas Bergmann},
  title        = {The Systems Biology Markup Language {(SBML)} Level 3 Package: Layout,
                  Version 1 Core},
  journal      = {J. Integr. Bioinform.},
  volume       = {12},
  number       = {2},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jib/HuckaBDHKNMOSSS15,
  author       = {Michael Hucka and
                  Frank T. Bergmann and
                  Andreas Dr{\"{a}}ger and
                  Stefan Hoops and
                  Sarah M. Keating and
                  Nicolas Le Nov{\`{e}}re and
                  Chris J. Myers and
                  Brett G. Olivier and
                  Sven Sahle and
                  James C. Schaff and
                  Lucian P. Smith and
                  Dagmar Waltemath and
                  Darren J. Wilkinson},
  title        = {Systems Biology Markup Language {(SBML)} Level 2 Version 5: Structures
                  and Facilities for Model Definitions},
  journal      = {J. Integr. Bioinform.},
  volume       = {12},
  number       = {2},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jib/HuckaBHKSSSW15,
  author       = {Michael Hucka and
                  Frank T. Bergmann and
                  Stefan Hoops and
                  Sarah M. Keating and
                  Sven Sahle and
                  James C. Schaff and
                  Lucian P. Smith and
                  Darren J. Wilkinson},
  title        = {The Systems Biology Markup Language {(SBML):} Language Specification
                  for Level 3 Version 1 Core},
  journal      = {J. Integr. Bioinform.},
  volume       = {12},
  number       = {2},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jib/MiSMCDHLNSV15,
  author       = {Huaiyu Mi and
                  Falk Schreiber and
                  Stuart L. Moodie and
                  Tobias Czauderna and
                  Emek Demir and
                  Robin Haw and
                  Augustin Luna and
                  Nicolas Le Nov{\`{e}}re and
                  Anatoly A. Sorokin and
                  Alice Vill{\'{e}}ger},
  title        = {Systems Biology Graphical Notation: Activity Flow language Level 1
                  Version 1.2},
  journal      = {J. Integr. Bioinform.},
  volume       = {12},
  number       = {2},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jib/MoodieNDMV15,
  author       = {Stuart L. Moodie and
                  Nicolas Le Nov{\`{e}}re and
                  Emek Demir and
                  Huaiyu Mi and
                  Alice Vill{\'{e}}ger},
  title        = {Systems Biology Graphical Notation: Process Description language Level
                  1 Version 1.3},
  journal      = {J. Integr. Bioinform.},
  volume       = {12},
  number       = {2},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jib/OlivierB15,
  author       = {Brett G. Olivier and
                  Frank T. Bergmann},
  title        = {The Systems Biology Markup Language {(SBML)} Level 3 Package: Flux
                  Balance Constraints},
  journal      = {J. Integr. Bioinform.},
  volume       = {12},
  number       = {2},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jib/SorokinNLCDHMMS15,
  author       = {Anatoly A. Sorokin and
                  Nicolas Le Nov{\`{e}}re and
                  Augustin Luna and
                  Tobias Czauderna and
                  Emek Demir and
                  Robin Haw and
                  Huaiyu Mi and
                  Stuart L. Moodie and
                  Falk Schreiber and
                  Alice Vill{\'{e}}ger},
  title        = {Systems Biology Graphical Notation: Entity Relationship language Level
                  1 Version 2},
  journal      = {J. Integr. Bioinform.},
  volume       = {12},
  number       = {2},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jocn/BastiaansenH15,
  author       = {Marcel C. M. Bastiaansen and
                  Peter Hagoort},
  title        = {Frequency-based Segregation of Syntactic and Semantic Unification
                  during Online Sentence Level Language Comprehension},
  journal      = {J. Cogn. Neurosci.},
  volume       = {27},
  number       = {11},
  pages        = {2095--2107},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/lalc/KingKH15,
  author       = {Levi King and
                  Sandra K{\"{u}}bler and
                  Wallace Hooper},
  title        = {Word-level language identification in The Chymistry of Isaac Newton},
  journal      = {Digit. Scholarsh. Humanit.},
  volume       = {30},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {532--540},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/pcs/MandrykinK15,
  author       = {Mikhail U. Mandrykin and
                  Alexey V. Khoroshilov},
  title        = {High-level memory model with low-level pointer cast support for Jessie
                  intermediate language},
  journal      = {Program. Comput. Softw.},
  volume       = {41},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {197--207},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/pieee/WindhMHBLHN15,
  author       = {Skyler Windh and
                  Xiaoyin Ma and
                  Robert J. Halstead and
                  Prerna Budhkar and
                  Zabdiel Luna and
                  Omar Hussaini and
                  Walid A. Najjar},
  title        = {High-Level Language Tools for Reconfigurable Computing},
  journal      = {Proc. {IEEE}},
  volume       = {103},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {390--408},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/sigplan/BrachaU15,
  author       = {Gilad Bracha and
                  David M. Ungar},
  title        = {{OOPSLA} 2004: Mirrors: Design Principles for Meta-level Facilities
                  of Object-Oriented Programming Languages},
  journal      = {{ACM} {SIGPLAN} Notices},
  volume       = {50},
  number       = {8s},
  pages        = {35--48},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/sosym/AtkinsonGT15,
  author       = {Colin Atkinson and
                  Ralph Gerbig and
                  Christian Vjekoslav Tunjic},
  title        = {Enhancing classic transformation languages to support multi-level
                  modeling},
  journal      = {Softw. Syst. Model.},
  volume       = {14},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {645--666},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/stt/PavleticR15,
  author       = {Domenik Pavletic and
                  Syed Aoun Raza},
  title        = {Multi-Level Debugging for Extensible Languages},
  journal      = {Softwaretechnik-Trends},
  volume       = {35},
  number       = {2},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/taslp/YehL15,
  author       = {Ching{-}feng Yeh and
                  Lin{-}Shan Lee},
  title        = {An Improved Framework for Recognizing Highly Imbalanced Bilingual
                  Code-Switched Lectures with Cross-Language Acoustic Modeling and Frame-Level
                  Language Identification},
  journal      = {{IEEE} {ACM} Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process.},
  volume       = {23},
  number       = {7},
  pages        = {1144--1159},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aiccsa/NouriCG15,
  author       = {Atef Nouri and
                  Wided Lejouad Chaari and
                  Khaled Gh{\'{e}}dira},
  title        = {RPI.Idiom: {A} high-level language for first-class agent interaction
                  protocols},
  booktitle    = {{AICCSA}},
  pages        = {1--8},
  publisher    = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/apsipa/ChenZL15,
  author       = {Shushan Chen and
                  Yiming Zhou and
                  Ming Li},
  title        = {Automatic assessment of non-native accent degrees using phonetic level
                  posterior and duration features from multiple languages},
  booktitle    = {{APSIPA}},
  pages        = {156--159},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/bigdataconf/MittalJPJ15,
  author       = {Sudip Mittal and
                  Karuna P. Joshi and
                  Claudia Pearce and
                  Anupam Joshi},
  title        = {Parallelizing natural language techniques for knowledge extraction
                  from cloud service level agreements},
  booktitle    = {{IEEE} BigData},
  pages        = {2831--2833},
  publisher    = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ccs/LaudR15,
  author       = {Peeter Laud and
                  Jaak Randmets},
  title        = {A Domain-Specific Language for Low-Level Secure Multiparty Computation
                  Protocols},
  booktitle    = {{CCS}},
  pages        = {1492--1503},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/clsw/AnW15,
  author       = {Yaqi An and
                  Shan Wang},
  title        = {Narrative Idioms for Elementary-Level Chinese as a Second Language
                  Learners},
  booktitle    = {{CLSW}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {9332},
  pages        = {457--464},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ecsa/AlvaresRS15,
  author       = {Frederico Alvares and
                  {\'{E}}ric Rutten and
                  Lionel Seinturier},
  title        = {High-Level Language Support for Reconfiguration Control in Component-Based
                  Architectures},
  booktitle    = {{ECSA}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {9278},
  pages        = {3--19},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/CorreiaEM15,
  author       = {Rui Correia and
                  Maxine Esk{\'{e}}nazi and
                  Nuno J. Mamede},
  title        = {Lexical Level Distribution of Metadiscourse in Spoken Language},
  booktitle    = {LSDSem@EMNLP},
  pages        = {70--75},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emsoft/PanXYSH15,
  author       = {Chen Pan and
                  Mimi Xie and
                  Chengmo Yang and
                  Zili Shao and
                  Jingtong Hu},
  title        = {Nonvolatile main memory aware garbage collection in high-level language
                  virtual machine},
  booktitle    = {{EMSOFT}},
  pages        = {197--206},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/euspn/AlbreshneP15,
  author       = {Abdaladhem Albreshne and
                  Jacques Pasquier},
  title        = {A Domain Specific Language for High-level Process Control Programming
                  in Smart Buildings},
  booktitle    = {{EUSPN/ICTH}},
  series       = {Procedia Computer Science},
  volume       = {63},
  pages        = {65--73},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fire/MandalBNRB15,
  author       = {Soumik Mandal and
                  Somnath Banerjee and
                  Sudip Kumar Naskar and
                  Paolo Rosso and
                  Sivaji Bandyopadhyay},
  title        = {Adaptive Voting in Multiple Classifier Systems for Word Level Language
                  Identification},
  booktitle    = {{FIRE} Workshops},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
  volume       = {1587},
  pages        = {47--50},
  publisher    = {CEUR-WS.org},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fire/Ramirez-de-la-Cruz15,
  author       = {Aar{\'{o}}n Ram{\'{\i}}rez{-}de{-}la{-}Cruz and
                  Gabriela Ram{\'{\i}}rez{-}de{-}la{-}Rosa and
                  Christian S{\'{a}}nchez{-}S{\'{a}}nchez and
                  H{\'{e}}ctor Jim{\'{e}}nez{-}Salazar and
                  Carlos Rodr{\'{\i}}guez{-}Lucatero and
                  Wulfrano Arturo Luna{-}Ram{\'{\i}}rez},
  title        = {High Level Features for Detecting Source Code Plagiarism across Programming
                  Languages},
  booktitle    = {{FIRE} Workshops},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
  volume       = {1587},
  pages        = {10--14},
  publisher    = {CEUR-WS.org},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/his/SouissiSC15,
  author       = {Samih Souissi and
                  Layth Sliman and
                  Benoit Charroux},
  title        = {A Novel Security Architecture Based on Multi-level Rule Expression
                  Language},
  booktitle    = {{HIS}},
  series       = {Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing},
  volume       = {420},
  pages        = {259--269},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/hri/WestlundB15,
  author       = {Jacqueline Kory Westlund and
                  Cynthia Breazeal},
  title        = {The Interplay of Robot Language Level with Children's Language Learning
                  during Storytelling},
  booktitle    = {{HRI} (Extended Abstracts)},
  pages        = {65--66},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icac/ZhaoYLC15,
  author       = {Xinkui Zhao and
                  Jianwei Yin and
                  Pengxiang Lin and
                  Zuoning Chen},
  title        = {HiSML: {A} High-Level Integrated Service Monitoring Language},
  booktitle    = {{ICAC}},
  pages        = {137--138},
  publisher    = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icacci/HandigundSA15,
  author       = {Shivanand M. Handigund and
                  Shakuntala Sajjanar and
                  B. N. Arunakumari},
  title        = {"Resuscitation of syllogism within unified modeling language levels
                  through the renovation of object diagram"},
  booktitle    = {{ICACCI}},
  pages        = {2397--2401},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icassp/LevitSCP15,
  author       = {Michael Levit and
                  Andreas Stolcke and
                  Shuangyu Chang and
                  Sarangarajan Parthasarathy},
  title        = {Token-level interpolation for class-based language models},
  booktitle    = {{ICASSP}},
  pages        = {5426--5430},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icdar/SinghJ15,
  author       = {Ajeet Kumar Singh and
                  C. V. Jawahar},
  title        = {Can RNNs reliably separate script and language at word and line level?},
  booktitle    = {{ICDAR}},
  pages        = {976--980},
  publisher    = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ipcc/MarchandA15,
  author       = {Marjan Marchand and
                  Sarah Auman},
  title        = {Languages for business? {A} research into the applicability in Flemish
                  SMEs of language measures formulated on the European level},
  booktitle    = {{IPCC}},
  pages        = {1--4},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/iros/StenmarkM15,
  author       = {Maj Stenmark and
                  Jacek Malec},
  title        = {Connecting Natural Language to Task Demonstrations and Low-level Control
                  of Industrial Robots},
  booktitle    = {MuSRobS@IROS},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
  volume       = {1540},
  pages        = {25--29},
  publisher    = {CEUR-WS.org},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/isess/KalinaHBJKD15,
  author       = {Jir{\'{\i}} Kalina and
                  Richard Hulek and
                  Jana Boruvkov{\'{a}} and
                  Jir{\'{\i}} Jarkovsk{\'{y}} and
                  Jana Kl{\'{a}}nov{\'{a}} and
                  Ladislav Dusek},
  title        = {Three Levels of {R} Language Involvement in Global Monitoring Plan
                  Warehouse Architecture},
  booktitle    = {{ISESS}},
  series       = {{IFIP} Advances in Information and Communication Technology},
  volume       = {448},
  pages        = {426--433},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/naacl/Scarton15,
  author       = {Carolina Scarton},
  title        = {Discourse and Document-level Information for Evaluating Language Output
                  Tasks},
  booktitle    = {{HLT-NAACL}},
  pages        = {118--125},
  publisher    = {The Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/paclic/GaoG15,
  author       = {Helena Hong Gao and
                  Can Guo},
  title        = {Understanding Infants' Language Development in Relation to Levels
                  of Consciousness: An Approach in Building up an Agent-based Model},
  booktitle    = {{PACLIC}},
  publisher    = {{ACL}},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/paclic/WangH15,
  author       = {Renqiang Wang and
                  Changning Huang},
  title        = {Two-level Word Class Categorization Model in Analytic Languages and
                  Its Implications for {POS} Tagging in Modern Chinese Corpora},
  booktitle    = {{PACLIC}},
  publisher    = {{ACL}},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/pads/WarnkeHU15,
  author       = {Tom Warnke and
                  Tobias Helms and
                  Adelinde M. Uhrmacher},
  title        = {Syntax and Semantics of a Multi-Level Modeling Language},
  booktitle    = {{SIGSIM-PADS}},
  pages        = {133--144},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/prima/RussellOC15,
  author       = {Sean Edward Russell and
                  Gregory M. P. O'Hare and
                  Rem W. Collier},
  title        = {Agent-Oriented Programming Languages as a High-Level Abstraction Facilitating
                  the Development of Intelligent Behaviours for Component-Based Applications},
  booktitle    = {{PRIMA}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {9387},
  pages        = {501--509},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/racs/NakagawaO15,
  author       = {Gaku Nakagawa and
                  Shuichi Oikawa},
  title        = {Multi-level queue {NVM/DRAM} hybrid memory management with language
                  runtime support},
  booktitle    = {{RACS}},
  pages        = {437--442},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/sas/AldousM15,
  author       = {Peter Aldous and
                  Matthew Might},
  title        = {Static Analysis of Non-interference in Expressive Low-Level Languages},
  booktitle    = {{SAS}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {9291},
  pages        = {1--17},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/setta/LarmuseauPC15,
  author       = {Adriaan Larmuseau and
                  Marco Patrignani and
                  Dave Clarke},
  title        = {A High-Level Model for an Assembly Language Attacker by Means of Reflection},
  booktitle    = {{SETTA}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {9409},
  pages        = {168--182},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/snapl/DeVitoH15,
  author       = {Zachary DeVito and
                  Pat Hanrahan},
  title        = {The Design of Terra: Harnessing the Best Features of High-Level and
                  Low-Level Languages},
  booktitle    = {{SNAPL}},
  series       = {LIPIcs},
  volume       = {32},
  pages        = {79--89},
  publisher    = {Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"{u}}r Informatik},
  year         = {2015}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/wacv/MathewsXH15,
  author       = {Alexander Patrick Mathews and
                  Lexing Xie and
                  Xuming He},
  title        = {Choosing Basic-Level Concept Names Using Visual and Language Context},
  booktitle    = {{WACV}},
  pages        = {595--602},
  publisher    = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2015}
}
@proceedings{DBLP:conf/models/2015multi,
  editor       = {Colin Atkinson and
                  Georg Grossmann and
                  Thomas K{\"{u}}hne and
                  Juan de Lara},
  title        = {Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Multi-Level Modelling
                  co-located with {ACM/IEEE} 18th International Conference on Model
                  Driven Engineering Languages {\&} Systems (MoDELS 2015), Ottawa,
                  Canada, September 27-28, 2015},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
  volume       = {1505},
  publisher    = {CEUR-WS.org},
  year         = {2015}
}
@proceedings{DBLP:conf/sc/2015wolfhpc,
  title        = {Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Domain-Specific Languages
                  and High-Level Frameworks for High Performance Computing, WOLFHPC@SC
                  2015, Austin, Texas, USA, November 15, 2015},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/Abou-JaoudehDEF15,
  author       = {John Abou{-}Jaoudeh and
                  Kinan Dak{-}Al{-}Bab and
                  Mostafa El{-}Katerji and
                  Yli{\`{e}}s Falcone and
                  Mohamad Jaber},
  title        = {A High-Level Modeling Language for the Efficient Design, Implementation,
                  and Testing of Android Applications},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1508.02153},
  year         = {2015}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/Jangda15,
  author       = {Abhinav Jangda},
  title        = {Block-Level Parallelism in Parsing Block Structured Languages},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1509.08068},
  year         = {2015}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/basesearch/Lugowski14,
  author       = {Adam Lugowski},
  title        = {Scalable Graph Algorithms in a High-Level Language Using Primitives
                  Inspired by Linear Algebra},
  school       = {University of California, Santa Barbara, {USA}},
  year         = {2014}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/dnb/Bartels14,
  author       = {Bj{\"{o}}rn Bartels},
  title        = {A mechanized verification environment for real-time process algebras
                  and low-level programming languages},
  school       = {Berlin Institute of Technology},
  year         = {2014}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/comsis/DevaiGK14,
  author       = {Gergely D{\'{e}}vai and
                  Zolt{\'{a}}n Gera and
                  Zolt{\'{a}}n Kelemen},
  title        = {Language abstractions for low level optimization techniques},
  journal      = {Comput. Sci. Inf. Syst.},
  volume       = {11},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {1499--1514},
  year         = {2014}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/glottometrics/PopescuA14,
  author       = {Ioan{-}Iovitz Popescu and
                  Gabriel Altmann},
  title        = {The lambda structure of language levels},
  journal      = {Glottometrics},
  volume       = {27},
  pages        = {54--88},
  year         = {2014}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jodl/AlsumWNS14,
  author       = {Ahmed Alsum and
                  Michele C. Weigle and
                  Michael L. Nelson and
                  Herbert Van de Sompel},
  title        = {Profiling web archive coverage for top-level domain and content language},
  journal      = {Int. J. Digit. Libr.},
  volume       = {14},
  number       = {3-4},
  pages        = {149--166},
  year         = {2014}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jpdc/KrishnamoorthyRS14,
  author       = {Sriram Krishnamoorthy and
                  J. Ramanujam and
                  P. Sadayappan},
  title        = {Introduction to the {JPDC} Special Issue on Domain-Specific Languages
                  and High-Level Frameworks for High-Performance Computing},
  journal      = {J. Parallel Distributed Comput.},
  volume       = {74},
  number       = {12},
  pages        = {3175},
  year         = {2014}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/nn/Zarri14,
  author       = {Gian Piero Zarri},
  title        = {Sentiments analysis at conceptual level making use of the Narrative
                  Knowledge Representation Language},
  journal      = {Neural Networks},
  volume       = {58},
  pages        = {82--97},
  year         = {2014}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/pvldb/KlonatosKRC14,
  author       = {Yannis Klonatos and
                  Christoph Koch and
                  Tiark Rompf and
                  Hassan Chafi},
  title        = {Building Efficient Query Engines in a High-Level Language},
  journal      = {Proc. {VLDB} Endow.},
  volume       = {7},
  number       = {10},
  pages        = {853--864},
  year         = {2014}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/pvldb/KlonatosKRC14a,
  author       = {Yannis Klonatos and
                  Christoph Koch and
                  Tiark Rompf and
                  Hassan Chafi},
  title        = {Errata for "Building Efficient Query Engines in a High-Level Language"
                  {(PVLDB} 7(10): 853-864)},
  journal      = {Proc. {VLDB} Endow.},
  volume       = {7},
  number       = {13},
  pages        = {1784},
  year         = {2014}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/scientometrics/BoteA14,
  author       = {Vicente P. Guerrero{-}Bote and
                  F{\'{e}}lix de Moya Aneg{\'{o}}n},
  title        = {Relationship between downloads and citations at journal and paper
                  levels, and the influence of language},
  journal      = {Scientometrics},
  volume       = {101},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {1043--1065},
  year         = {2014}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/scp/GerakiosPS14,
  author       = {Prodromos Gerakios and
                  Nikolaos Papaspyrou and
                  Konstantinos Sagonas},
  title        = {Static safety guarantees for a low-level multithreaded language with
                  regions},
  journal      = {Sci. Comput. Program.},
  volume       = {80},
  pages        = {223--263},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/IEEEpact/RatnalikarC14,
  author       = {Pushkar Ratnalikar and
                  Arun Chauhan},
  title        = {Automatic parallelism through macro dataflow in high-level array languages},
  booktitle    = {{PACT}},
  pages        = {489--490},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aaai/AnwarB14,
  author       = {Saadat Anwar and
                  Chitta Baral},
  title        = {Pathway Specification and Comparative Queries: {A} High Level Language
                  with Petri Net Semantics},
  booktitle    = {{AAAI}},
  pages        = {981--988},
  publisher    = {{AAAI} Press},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl-codeswitch/BarmanWCF14,
  author       = {Utsab Barman and
                  Joachim Wagner and
                  Grzegorz Chrupala and
                  Jennifer Foster},
  title        = {{DCU-UVT:} Word-Level Language Classification with Code-Mixed Data},
  booktitle    = {CodeSwitch@EMNLP},
  pages        = {127--132},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl-codeswitch/ChittaranjanVBC14,
  author       = {Gokul Chittaranjan and
                  Yogarshi Vyas and
                  Kalika Bali and
                  Monojit Choudhury},
  title        = {Word-level Language Identification using {CRF:} Code-switching Shared
                  Task Report of {MSR} India System},
  booktitle    = {CodeSwitch@EMNLP},
  pages        = {73--79},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl-codeswitch/KingBGKWMR14,
  author       = {Levi King and
                  Eric Baucom and
                  Timur Gilmanov and
                  Sandra K{\"{u}}bler and
                  Dan Whyatt and
                  Wolfgang Maier and
                  Paul Rodrigues},
  title        = {The {IUCL+} System: Word-Level Language Identification via Extended
                  Markov Models},
  booktitle    = {CodeSwitch@EMNLP},
  pages        = {102--106},
  publisher    = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/asm/LeuschelS14,
  author       = {Michael Leuschel and
                  David Schneider},
  title        = {Towards {B} as a High-Level Constraint Modelling Language - Solving
                  the Jobs Puzzle Challenge},
  booktitle    = {{ABZ}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {8477},
  pages        = {101--116},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/asplos/0001KOTRKSHC14,
  author       = {Xun Li and
                  Vineeth Kashyap and
                  Jason K. Oberg and
                  Mohit Tiwari and
                  Vasanth Ram Rajarathinam and
                  Ryan Kastner and
                  Timothy Sherwood and
                  Ben Hardekopf and
                  Frederic T. Chong},
  title        = {Sapper: a language for hardware-level security policy enforcement},
  booktitle    = {{ASPLOS}},
  pages        = {97--112},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/asplos/WoodCG14,
  author       = {Benjamin P. Wood and
                  Luis Ceze and
                  Dan Grossman},
  title        = {Low-level detection of language-level data races with {LARD}},
  booktitle    = {{ASPLOS}},
  pages        = {671--686},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/bea/PilanVJ14,
  author       = {Ildik{\'{o}} Pil{\'{a}}n and
                  Elena Volodina and
                  Richard Johansson},
  title        = {Rule-based and machine learning approaches for second language sentence-level
                  readability},
  booktitle    = {BEA@ACL},
  pages        = {174--184},
  publisher    = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cbse/SpacekDT14,
  author       = {Petr Spacek and
                  Christophe Dony and
                  Chouki Tibermacine},
  title        = {A component-based meta-level architecture and prototypical implementation
                  of a reflective component-based programming and modeling language},
  booktitle    = {{CBSE}},
  pages        = {13--22},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cogsci/SmirnovaI14,
  author       = {Anastasia Smirnova and
                  Rumen Iliev},
  title        = {Evidentiality in Language and Cognition: The View from Construal Level
                  Theory},
  booktitle    = {CogSci},
  publisher    = {cognitivesciencesociety.org},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fire/BanerjeeKRNRB14,
  author       = {Somnath Banerjee and
                  Alapan Kuila and
                  Aniruddha Roy and
                  Sudip Kumar Naskar and
                  Paolo Rosso and
                  Sivaji Bandyopadhyay},
  title        = {A Hybrid Approach for Transliterated Word-Level Language Identification:
                  {CRF} with Post-Processing Heuristics},
  booktitle    = {{FIRE}},
  pages        = {54--59},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fire/Raj14,
  author       = {Abhinav Raj},
  title        = {Word Level Language Identification and Back-Transliteration},
  booktitle    = {{FIRE}},
  pages        = {74--79},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fire/SequieraRS14,
  author       = {Royal Denzil Sequiera and
                  Shashank S. Rao and
                  B. R. Shambavi},
  title        = {Word-Level Language Identification and Back Transliteration of Romanized
                  Text},
  booktitle    = {{FIRE}},
  pages        = {70--73},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fpl/Arcas-AbellaNSGAN0MCL14,
  author       = {Oriol Arcas{-}Abella and
                  Geoffrey Ndu and
                  Nehir S{\"{o}}nmez and
                  Mohsen Ghasempour and
                  Adri{\`{a}} Armejach and
                  Javier Navaridas and
                  Wei Song and
                  John Mawer and
                  Adri{\'{a}}n Cristal and
                  Mikel Luj{\'{a}}n},
  title        = {An empirical evaluation of High-Level Synthesis languages and tools
                  for database acceleration},
  booktitle    = {{FPL}},
  pages        = {1--8},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fsttcs/SouthernC14,
  author       = {Mary Southern and
                  Kaustuv Chaudhuri},
  title        = {A Two-Level Logic Approach to Reasoning About Typed Specification
                  Languages},
  booktitle    = {{FSTTCS}},
  series       = {LIPIcs},
  volume       = {29},
  pages        = {557--569},
  publisher    = {Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum f{\"{u}}r Informatik},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ic2e/LiPM14,
  author       = {Ge Li and
                  Fr{\'{e}}d{\'{e}}ric Pourraz and
                  Patrice Moreaux},
  title        = {{PSLA:} {A} PaaS Level {SLA} Description Language},
  booktitle    = {{IC2E}},
  pages        = {452--457},
  publisher    = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icfhr/KozielskiMDSN14,
  author       = {Michal Kozielski and
                  Martin Matysiak and
                  Patrick Doetsch and
                  Ralf Schl{\"{u}}ter and
                  Hermann Ney},
  title        = {Open-Lexicon Language Modeling Combining Word and Character Levels},
  booktitle    = {{ICFHR}},
  pages        = {343--348},
  publisher    = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icon-nlp/DasG14,
  author       = {Amitava Das and
                  Bj{\"{o}}rn Gamb{\"{a}}ck},
  title        = {Identifying Languages at the Word Level in Code-Mixed Indian Social
                  Media Text},
  booktitle    = {{ICON}},
  pages        = {378--387},
  publisher    = {{NLP} Association of India},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icon-nlp/GellaBC14,
  author       = {Spandana Gella and
                  Kalika Bali and
                  Monojit Choudhury},
  title        = {"ye word kis lang ka hai bhai?" Testing the Limits of Word level Language
                  Identification},
  booktitle    = {{ICON}},
  pages        = {368--377},
  publisher    = {{NLP} Association of India},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icon-nlp/PrahalladDM14,
  author       = {Lavanya Prahallad and
                  Prathyusha Danda and
                  Radhika Mamidi},
  title        = {Learning phrase-level vocabulary in second language using pictures/gestures
                  and voice},
  booktitle    = {{ICON}},
  pages        = {119--125},
  publisher    = {{NLP} Association of India},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icsoft/LoiseauLI14a,
  author       = {Esteban Loiseau and
                  Pierre Laforcade and
                  S{\'{e}}bastien Iksal},
  title        = {Model Weaving and Pedagogy - Mapping Abstraction Levels in Instructional
                  Design Languages},
  booktitle    = {{ICSOFT} {PT}},
  pages        = {81--86},
  publisher    = {SciTePress},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/iui/Martinez-GomezA14,
  author       = {Pascual Mart{\'{\i}}nez{-}G{\'{o}}mez and
                  Akiko Aizawa},
  title        = {Recognition of understanding level and language skill using measurements
                  of reading behavior},
  booktitle    = {{IUI}},
  pages        = {95--104},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/lrec/LavergneAAL14,
  author       = {Thomas Lavergne and
                  Gilles Adda and
                  Martine Adda{-}Decker and
                  Lori Lamel},
  title        = {Automatic language identity tagging on word and sentence-level in
                  multilingual text sources: a case-study on Luxembourgish},
  booktitle    = {{LREC}},
  pages        = {3300--3304},
  publisher    = {European Language Resources Association {(ELRA)}},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/paclic/JhamtaniBR14,
  author       = {Harsh Jhamtani and
                  Suleep Kumar Bhogi and
                  Vaskar Raychoudhury},
  title        = {Word-level Language Identification in Bi-lingual Code-switched Texts},
  booktitle    = {{PACLIC}},
  pages        = {348--357},
  publisher    = {The {PACLIC} 28 Organizing Committee and {PACLIC} Steering Committee
                  / {ACL} / Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn
                  University},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/taln/BarrecaC14,
  author       = {Giulia Barreca and
                  George Christodoulides},
  title        = {A multi-level multimedia concordancer for spoken language corpora
                  (Un concordancier multi-niveaux et multim{\'{e}}dia pour des
                  corpus oraux) [in French]},
  booktitle    = {{TALN} {(2)}},
  pages        = {499--504},
  publisher    = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/taln/BoisLGJK14,
  author       = {R{\'{e}}mi Bois and
                  Johannes Leveling and
                  Lorraine Goeuriot and
                  Gareth J. F. Jones and
                  Liadh Kelly},
  title        = {Porting a Summarizer to the French Language},
  booktitle    = {{TALN} {(2)}},
  pages        = {550--555},
  publisher    = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ucc/UriarteTN14,
  author       = {Rafael Brundo Uriarte and
                  Francesco Tiezzi and
                  Rocco De Nicola},
  title        = {{SLAC:} {A} Formal Service-Level-Agreement Language for Cloud Computing},
  booktitle    = {{UCC}},
  pages        = {419--426},
  publisher    = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2014}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/wsc/SteinigerUZGW14,
  author       = {Alexander Steiniger and
                  Adelinde M. Uhrmacher and
                  Sabine Zinn and
                  Jutta Gampe and
                  Frans Willekens},
  title        = {The role of languages for modeling and simulating continuous-time
                  multi-level models in demography},
  booktitle    = {{WSC}},
  pages        = {2978--2989},
  publisher    = {{IEEE/ACM}},
  year         = {2014}
}
@proceedings{DBLP:conf/models/2014multi,
  editor       = {Colin Atkinson and
                  Georg Grossmann and
                  Thomas K{\"{u}}hne and
                  Juan de Lara},
  title        = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Multi-Level Modelling co-located with
                  {ACM/IEEE} 17th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering
                  Languages {\&} Systems (MoDELS 2014), Valencia, Spain, September
                  28, 2014},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
  volume       = {1286},
  publisher    = {CEUR-WS.org},
  year         = {2014}
}
@proceedings{DBLP:conf/sc/2014wolfhpc,
  title        = {Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Domain-Specific
                  Languages and High-Level Frameworks for High Performance Computing,
                  {WOLFHPC} '14, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, November 16-21, 2014},
  publisher    = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2014}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/ElhoseinyE14,
  author       = {Mohamed Elhoseiny and
                  Ahmed M. Elgammal},
  title        = {Text to Multi-level MindMaps: {A} New Way for Interactive Visualization
                  and Summarization of Natural Language Text},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1408.1031},
  year         = {2014}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/us/Bignoli13,
  author       = {Perrin G. Bignoli},
  title        = {Human-level natural language understanding : false progress and real
                  challenges},
  school       = {Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, {USA}},
  year         = {2013}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/aim/RychtyckyjP13,
  author       = {Nestor Rychtyckyj and
                  Craig Plesco},
  title        = {Applying Automated Language Translation at a Global Enterprise Level},
  journal      = {{AI} Mag.},
  volume       = {34},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {43--54},
  year         = {2013}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/comsis/NowakowskiSAS13,
  author       = {Wiktor Nowakowski and
                  Michal Smialek and
                  Albert Ambroziewicz and
                  Tomasz Straszak},
  title        = {Requirements-level language and tools for capturing software system
                  essence},
  journal      = {Comput. Sci. Inf. Syst.},
  volume       = {10},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {1499--1524},
  year         = {2013}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/csi/LloretP13,
  author       = {Elena Lloret and
                  Manuel Palomar},
  title        = {Tackling redundancy in text summarization through different levels
                  of language analysis},
  journal      = {Comput. Stand. Interfaces},
  volume       = {35},
  number       = {5},
  pages        = {507--518},
  year         = {2013}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ijst/ReddyMR13,
  author       = {V. Ramu Reddy and
                  Sudhamay Maity and
                  K. Sreenivasa Rao},
  title        = {Identification of Indian languages using multi-level spectral and
                  prosodic features},
  journal      = {Int. J. Speech Technol.},
  volume       = {16},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {489--511},
  year         = {2013}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jphonetics/Olson13,
  author       = {Daniel J. Olson},
  title        = {Bilingual language switching and selection at the phonetic level:
                  Asymmetrical transfer in {VOT} production},
  journal      = {J. Phonetics},
  volume       = {41},
  number       = {6},
  pages        = {407--420},
  year         = {2013}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jsa/Sanchez-RomanMLSGGA13,
  author       = {Diego Sanchez{-}Roman and
                  Victor Moreno and
                  Sergio L{\'{o}}pez{-}Buedo and
                  Gustavo Sutter and
                  Iv{\'{a}}n Gonz{\'{a}}lez and
                  Francisco J. Gomez{-}Arribas and
                  Javier Aracil},
  title        = {{FPGA} acceleration using high-level languages of a Monte-Carlo method
                  for pricing complex options},
  journal      = {J. Syst. Archit.},
  volume       = {59},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {135--143},
  year         = {2013}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/neuroimage/KuniiKOKS13,
  author       = {Naoto Kunii and
                  Kyousuke Kamada and
                  Takahiro Ota and
                  Kensuke Kawai and
                  Nobuhito Saito},
  title        = {Characteristic profiles of high gamma activity and blood oxygenation
                  level-dependent responses in various language areas},
  journal      = {NeuroImage},
  volume       = {65},
  pages        = {242--249},
  year         = {2013}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/taas/SalvaneschiGP13,
  author       = {Guido Salvaneschi and
                  Carlo Ghezzi and
                  Matteo Pradella},
  title        = {An Analysis of Language-Level Support for Self-Adaptive Software},
  journal      = {{ACM} Trans. Auton. Adapt. Syst.},
  volume       = {8},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {7:1--7:29},
  year         = {2013}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/appt/GebrewahidZSGJLR13,
  author       = {Essayas Gebrewahid and
                  Zain{-}ul{-}Abdin and
                  Bertil Svensson and
                  Ver{\'{o}}nica Gaspes and
                  Bruno Jego and
                  Bruno Lavigueur and
                  Mathieu Robart},
  title        = {Programming Real-Time Image Processing for Manycores in a High-Level
                  Language},
  booktitle    = {{APPT}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {8299},
  pages        = {381--395},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2013}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/caise/Henderson-SellersCG13,
  author       = {Brian Henderson{-}Sellers and
                  Tony Clark and
                  Cesar Gonzalez{-}Perez},
  title        = {On the Search for a Level-Agnostic Modelling Language},
  booktitle    = {CAiSE},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {7908},
  pages        = {240--255},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2013}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cicling/SaeeSLRT13,
  author       = {Suhaila Saee and
                  Lay{-}Ki Soon and
                  Tek Yong Lim and
                  Bali Ranaivo{-}Malan{\c{c}}on and
                  Enya Kong Tang},
  title        = {Semi-automatic Acquisition of Two-Level Morphological Rules for Iban
                  Language},
  booktitle    = {CICLing {(1)}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {7816},
  pages        = {174--188},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2013}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/dihu/KingKH13,
  author       = {Levi King and
                  Sandra K{\"{u}}bler and
                  Wallace Hooper},
  title        = {Word-level Language Identification in "The Chymistry of Isaac Newton"},
  booktitle    = {{DH}},
  pages        = {258--260},
  publisher    = {Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations {(ADHO)}},
  year         = {2013}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/edbt/HernandezKKPW13,
  author       = {Mauricio A. Hern{\'{a}}ndez and
                  Georgia Koutrika and
                  Rajasekar Krishnamurthy and
                  Lucian Popa and
                  Ryan Wisnesky},
  title        = {{HIL:} a high-level scripting language for entity integration},
  booktitle    = {{EDBT}},
  pages        = {549--560},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2013}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/emnlp/NguyenD13,
  author       = {Dong Nguyen and
                  A. Seza Do{\u{g}}ru{\"{o}}z},
  title        = {Word Level Language Identification in Online Multilingual Communication},
  booktitle    = {{EMNLP}},
  pages        = {857--862},
  publisher    = {{ACL}},
  year         = {2013}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ercimdl/AlsumWNS13,
  author       = {Ahmed Alsum and
                  Michele C. Weigle and
                  Michael L. Nelson and
                  Herbert Van de Sompel},
  title        = {Profiling Web Archive Coverage for Top-Level Domain and Content Language},
  booktitle    = {{TPDL}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {8092},
  pages        = {60--71},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2013}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/hci/JayashreeSA13,
  author       = {R. Jayashree and
                  Murthy K. Srikanta and
                  Basavaraj S. Anami},
  title        = {Performance Analysis of Na{\"{\i}}ve Bayesian Methods for Paragraph
                  Level Text Classification in the Kannada Language},
  booktitle    = {{HCI} {(29)}},
  series       = {Communications in Computer and Information Science},
  volume       = {374},
  pages        = {435--439},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2013}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icassp/KozielskiRHSN13,
  author       = {Michal Kozielski and
                  David Rybach and
                  Stefan Hahn and
                  Ralf Schl{\"{u}}ter and
                  Hermann Ney},
  title        = {Open vocabulary handwriting recognition using combined word-level
                  and character-level language models},
  booktitle    = {{ICASSP}},
  pages        = {8257--8261},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2013}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icss/DaoudZS13,
  author       = {Luka Daoud and
                  Dawid Zydek and
                  Henry Selvaraj},
  title        = {A Survey of High Level Synthesis Languages, Tools, and Compilers for
                  Reconfigurable High Performance Computing},
  booktitle    = {{ICSS}},
  series       = {Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing},
  volume       = {240},
  pages        = {483--492},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2013}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/inap/BeierleL13,
  author       = {Christoph Beierle and
                  Udo Lelitko},
  title        = {On a High-Level Approach to Implementing Exact Real Arithmetic in
                  the Functional Logic Programming Language Curry},
  booktitle    = {{KDPD}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {8439},
  pages        = {48--64},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2013}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/interspeech/MotlicekIG13,
  author       = {Petr Motl{\'{\i}}cek and
                  David Imseng and
                  Philip N. Garner},
  title        = {Crosslingual tandem-SGMM: exploiting out-of-language data for acoustic
                  model and feature level adaptation},
  booktitle    = {{INTERSPEECH}},
  pages        = {510--514},
  publisher    = {{ISCA}},
  year         = {2013}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/interspeech/MousaSSN13,
  author       = {Amr El{-}Desoky Mousa and
                  M. Ali Basha Shaik and
                  Ralf Schl{\"{u}}ter and
                  Hermann Ney},
  title        = {Morpheme level hierarchical pitman-yor class-based language models
                  for {LVCSR} of morphologically rich languages},
  booktitle    = {{INTERSPEECH}},
  pages        = {3409--3413},
  publisher    = {{ISCA}},
  year         = {2013}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ipps/HolkPCLM13,
  author       = {Eric Holk and
                  Milinda Pathirage and
                  Arun Chauhan and
                  Andrew Lumsdaine and
                  Nicholas D. Matsakis},
  title        = {{GPU} Programming in Rust: Implementing High-Level Abstractions in
                  a Systems-Level Language},
  booktitle    = {{IPDPS} Workshops},
  pages        = {315--324},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2013}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/iri/Bouabana-TebibelRHCMA13,
  author       = {Thouraya Bouabana{-}Tebibel and
                  Stuart H. Rubin and
                  Kadaouia Habib and
                  Asmaa Chebba and
                  Sofia Mellah and
                  Lynda Allata},
  title        = {Towards a High Level Language for Reuse and Integration},
  booktitle    = {{IRI} (best papers)},
  series       = {Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing},
  volume       = {263},
  pages        = {219--239},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2013}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/nfm/RatiuVKS13,
  author       = {Daniel Ratiu and
                  Markus Voelter and
                  Bernd Kolb and
                  Bernhard Sch{\"{a}}tz},
  title        = {Using Language Engineering to Lift Languages and Analyses at the Domain
                  Level},
  booktitle    = {{NASA} Formal Methods},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {7871},
  pages        = {465--471},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2013}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/parco/SchmidHTT13,
  author       = {Moritz Schmid and
                  Frank Hannig and
                  Alexandru Tanase and
                  J{\"{u}}rgen Teich},
  title        = {High-Level Synthesis Revised - Generation of {FPGA} Accelerators from
                  a Domain-Specific Language using the Polyhedron Model},
  booktitle    = {{PARCO}},
  series       = {Advances in Parallel Computing},
  volume       = {25},
  pages        = {497--506},
  publisher    = {{IOS} Press},
  year         = {2013}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/se/Klassen13,
  author       = {Dennis Klassen},
  title        = {ViCE-UPSLA: {A} Visual High Level Language for Accurate Simulation
                  of Interlocked Pipelined Processors},
  booktitle    = {Software Engineering (Workshops)},
  series       = {{LNI}},
  volume       = {{P-215}},
  pages        = {59--74},
  publisher    = {{GI}},
  year         = {2013}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/sqamia/PracnerB13,
  author       = {Doni Pracner and
                  Zoran Budimac},
  title        = {Transforming Low-level Languages Using FermaT and {WSL}},
  booktitle    = {{SQAMIA}},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
  volume       = {1053},
  pages        = {71--78},
  publisher    = {CEUR-WS.org},
  year         = {2013}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/worldcist/ReisMTC13,
  author       = {Lu{\'{\i}}s Paulo Reis and
                  Pedro Mendes and
                  Lu{\'{\i}}s Filipe Te{\'{o}}filo and
                  Henrique Lopes Cardoso},
  title        = {High-Level Language to Build Poker Agents},
  booktitle    = {WorldCIST},
  series       = {Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing},
  volume       = {206},
  pages        = {643--654},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2013}
}
@incollection{DBLP:books/daglib/p/Henderson-SellersG13,
  author       = {Brian Henderson{-}Sellers and
                  Cesar Gonzalez{-}Perez},
  title        = {Multi-Level Meta-Modelling to Underpin the Abstract and Concrete Syntax
                  for Domain-Specific Modelling Languages},
  booktitle    = {Domain Engineering, Product Lines, Languages, and Conceptual Models},
  pages        = {291--316},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2013}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/AlsumWNS13,
  author       = {Ahmed Alsum and
                  Michele C. Weigle and
                  Michael L. Nelson and
                  Herbert Van de Sompel},
  title        = {Profiling Web Archive Coverage for Top-Level Domain and Content Language},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1309.4008},
  year         = {2013}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/Kahanwal13,
  author       = {Brijender Kahanwal},
  title        = {Abstraction Level Taxonomy of Programming Language Frameworks},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1311.3293},
  year         = {2013}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/PaxtonD13,
  author       = {Alexandra Paxton and
                  Rick Dale},
  title        = {B(eo)W(u)LF: Facilitating recurrence analysis on multi-level language},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1308.2696},
  year         = {2013}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/au/Orimaye17,
  author       = {Sylvester Olubolu Orimaye},
  title        = {A sentence-level approach to opinion search and sentiment classification
                  problems using natural language low-level features: models and applications},
  school       = {Monash University, Australia},
  year         = {2012}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/dnb/Shadrin12,
  author       = {Andrey Shadrin},
  title        = {Mixed low- and high level programming language semantics and automated
                  verification of a small hypervisor},
  school       = {Saarland University},
  year         = {2012}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/it/Salvaneschi12,
  author       = {Guido Salvaneschi},
  title        = {A language-level approach to self-adaptive software},
  school       = {Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy},
  year         = {2012}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/cad/LiTLA12,
  author       = {Zhen Li and
                  Derrick Tate and
                  Christopher Lane and
                  Christopher Adams},
  title        = {A framework for automatic {TRIZ} level of invention estimation of
                  patents using natural language processing, knowledge-transfer and
                  patent citation metrics},
  journal      = {Comput. Aided Des.},
  volume       = {44},
  number       = {10},
  pages        = {987--1010},
  year         = {2012}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ijcallt/HwaWL12,
  author       = {Siew Pei Hwa and
                  Pang Set Weei and
                  Lew Hoi Len},
  title        = {The Effects of Blended Learning Approach through an Interactive Multimedia
                  E-Book on Students' Achievement in Learning Chinese as a Second Language
                  at Tertiary Level},
  journal      = {Int. J. Comput. Assist. Lang. Learn. Teach.},
  volume       = {2},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {35--50},
  year         = {2012}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/rc/HerreroGTDJ12,
  author       = {Pau Herrero and
                  Pantelis Georgiou and
                  Christofer Toumazou and
                  Beno{\^{\i}}t Delaunay and
                  Luc Jaulin},
  title        = {An Efficient Implementation of the {SIVIA} Algorithm in a High-Level
                  Numerical Programming Language},
  journal      = {Reliab. Comput.},
  volume       = {16},
  pages        = {239--251},
  year         = {2012}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/tal/BlaylockABGJ12,
  author       = {Nate Blaylock and
                  James F. Allen and
                  William de Beaumont and
                  Lucian Galescu and
                  Hyuckchul Jung},
  title        = {Street-Level Geolocation From Natural Language Descriptions},
  journal      = {Trait. Autom. des Langues},
  volume       = {53},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {177--205},
  year         = {2012}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ws/LaereSD12,
  author       = {Olivier Van Laere and
                  Steven Schockaert and
                  Bart Dhoedt},
  title        = {Georeferencing Flickr photos using language models at different levels
                  of granularity: An evidence based approach},
  journal      = {J. Web Semant.},
  volume       = {16},
  pages        = {17--31},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/LiuN12,
  author       = {Chang Liu and
                  Hwee Tou Ng},
  title        = {Character-Level Machine Translation Evaluation for Languages with
                  Ambiguous Word Boundaries},
  booktitle    = {{ACL} {(1)}},
  pages        = {921--929},
  publisher    = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/acl/NakovT12,
  author       = {Preslav Nakov and
                  J{\"{o}}rg Tiedemann},
  title        = {Combining Word-Level and Character-Level Models for Machine Translation
                  Between Closely-Related Languages},
  booktitle    = {{ACL} {(2)}},
  pages        = {301--305},
  publisher    = {The Association for Computer Linguistics},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aosd/PayerBG12,
  author       = {Mathias Payer and
                  Boris Bluntschli and
                  Thomas R. Gross},
  title        = {{LLDSAL:} a low-level domain-specific aspect language for dynamic
                  code-generation and program modification},
  booktitle    = {DSAL@AOSD},
  pages        = {15--20},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/codes/KockVA12,
  author       = {Erwin de Kock and
                  Jos Verhaegh and
                  Serge Amougou},
  title        = {A configurable test infrastructure using a mixed-language and mixed-level
                  {IP} integration {IP-XACT} flow},
  booktitle    = {{CODES+ISSS}},
  pages        = {521--528},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cpaior/FontaineM12,
  author       = {Daniel Fontaine and
                  Laurent Michel},
  title        = {A High Level Language for Solver Independent Model Manipulation and
                  Generation of Hybrid Solvers},
  booktitle    = {{CPAIOR}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {7298},
  pages        = {180--194},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/embc/XuSP12,
  author       = {Tingting Xu and
                  Massoud Stephane and
                  Keshab K. Parhi},
  title        = {Selection of abnormal neural oscillation patterns associated with
                  sentence-level language disorder in Schizophrenia},
  booktitle    = {{EMBC}},
  pages        = {4923--4926},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fdl/DrechslerSW12,
  author       = {Rolf Drechsler and
                  Mathias Soeken and
                  Robert Wille},
  title        = {Formal Specification Level: Towards verification-driven design based
                  on natural language processing},
  booktitle    = {{FDL}},
  pages        = {53--58},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/iaai/RychtyckyjP12,
  author       = {Nestor Rychtyckyj and
                  Craig Plesco},
  title        = {Applying Automated Language Translation at a Global Enterprise Level},
  booktitle    = {{IAAI}},
  pages        = {2245--2252},
  publisher    = {{AAAI}},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icassp/MousaSN12,
  author       = {Amr El{-}Desoky Mousa and
                  Ralf Schl{\"{u}}ter and
                  Hermann Ney},
  title        = {Investigations on the use of morpheme level features in Language Models
                  for Arabic {LVCSR}},
  booktitle    = {{ICASSP}},
  pages        = {5021--5024},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icassp/XuFC12,
  author       = {Ping Xu and
                  Pascale Fung and
                  Ricky Ho Yin Chan},
  title        = {Phrase-level transduction model with reordering for spoken to written
                  language transformation},
  booktitle    = {{ICASSP}},
  pages        = {4965--4968},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icassp/YehHLL12,
  author       = {Ching{-}feng Yeh and
                  Aaron Heidel and
                  Hung{-}yi Lee and
                  Lin{-}Shan Lee},
  title        = {Recognition of highly imbalanced code-mixed bilingual speech with
                  frame-level language detection based on blurred posteriorgram},
  booktitle    = {{ICASSP}},
  pages        = {4873--4876},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icfp/Sheard12,
  author       = {Timothy E. Sheard},
  title        = {Painless programming combining reduction and search: design principles
                  for embedding decision procedures in high-level languages},
  booktitle    = {{ICFP}},
  pages        = {89--102},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icfp/TotooDL12,
  author       = {Prabhat Totoo and
                  Pantazis Deligiannis and
                  Hans{-}Wolfgang Loidl},
  title        = {Haskell vs. f{\#} vs. scala: a high-level language features and parallelism
                  support comparison},
  booktitle    = {FHPC@ICFP},
  pages        = {49--60},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icst/DurelliOD12,
  author       = {Vinicius H. S. Durelli and
                  Jeff Offutt and
                  M{\'{a}}rcio Eduardo Delamaro},
  title        = {Toward Harnessing High-Level Language Virtual Machines for Further
                  Speeding Up Weak Mutation Testing},
  booktitle    = {{ICST}},
  pages        = {681--690},
  publisher    = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/iecon/NavarroLUBJ12,
  author       = {Denis Navarro and
                  Oscar Luc{\'{\i}}a and
                  Isidro Urriza and
                  Luis Angel Barragan and
                  {\'{O}}scar Jim{\'{e}}nez},
  title        = {Modeling and simulation of power converter systems using SystemC system-level
                  description language},
  booktitle    = {{IECON}},
  pages        = {4694--4699},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ieeehpcs/Limet12,
  author       = {S{\'{e}}bastien Limet},
  title        = {High level languages for efficient parallel programming},
  booktitle    = {{HPCS}},
  pages        = {541--542},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/interspeech/DiCanioNWBAG12,
  author       = {Christian DiCanio and
                  Hosung Nam and
                  Douglas H. Whalen and
                  H. Timothy Bunnell and
                  Jonathan D. Amith and
                  Rey Castillo Garc{\'{\i}}a},
  title        = {Assessing agreement level between forced alignment models with data
                  from endangered language documentation corpora},
  booktitle    = {{INTERSPEECH}},
  pages        = {130--133},
  publisher    = {{ISCA}},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/interspeech/MousaSSN12,
  author       = {Amr El{-}Desoky Mousa and
                  M. Ali Basha Shaik and
                  Ralf Schl{\"{u}}ter and
                  Hermann Ney},
  title        = {Morpheme Level Feature-based Language Models for German {LVCSR}},
  booktitle    = {{INTERSPEECH}},
  pages        = {170--173},
  publisher    = {{ISCA}},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/lcpc/CaoV12,
  author       = {Zhen Cao and
                  Clark Verbrugge},
  title        = {Language and Architecture Independent Software Thread-Level Speculation},
  booktitle    = {{LCPC}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {7760},
  pages        = {270--272},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/lrec/Singh12,
  author       = {Anil Kumar Singh},
  title        = {A Concise Query Language with Search and Transform Operations for
                  Corpora with Multiple Levels of Annotation},
  booktitle    = {{LREC}},
  pages        = {1490--1497},
  publisher    = {European Language Resources Association {(ELRA)}},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/odyssey/LiZHL12,
  author       = {Zhiyi Li and
                  Wei{-}Qiang Zhang and
                  Liang He and
                  Jia Liu},
  title        = {Complementary combination in i-vector level for language recognition},
  booktitle    = {Odyssey},
  pages        = {334--337},
  publisher    = {{ISCA}},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/oopsla/Anderson12,
  author       = {Zachary R. Anderson},
  title        = {Efficiently combining parallel software using fine-grained, language-level,
                  hierarchical resource management policies},
  booktitle    = {{OOPSLA}},
  pages        = {717--736},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/paclic/MogadalaV12,
  author       = {Aditya Mogadala and
                  Vasudeva Varma},
  title        = {Language Independent Sentence-Level Subjectivity Analysis with Feature
                  Selection},
  booktitle    = {{PACLIC}},
  pages        = {171--180},
  publisher    = {{PACLIC} 26 Organizing Committee and {PACLIC} Steering Committee /
                  {ACL} / Faculty of Computer Science, Universitas Indonesia},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/pldi/DubachCRBF12,
  author       = {Christophe Dubach and
                  Perry Cheng and
                  Rodric M. Rabbah and
                  David F. Bacon and
                  Stephen J. Fink},
  title        = {Compiling a high-level language for GPUs: (via language support for
                  architectures and compilers)},
  booktitle    = {{PLDI}},
  pages        = {1--12},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/sigcomm/VoellmyKF12,
  author       = {Andreas Voellmy and
                  Hyojoon Kim and
                  Nick Feamster},
  title        = {Procera: a language for high-level reactive network control},
  booktitle    = {HotSDN@SIGCOMM},
  pages        = {43--48},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/taln/LecorveDHM12,
  author       = {Gw{\'{e}}nol{\'{e}} Lecorv{\'{e}} and
                  John Dines and
                  Thomas Hain and
                  Petr Motl{\'{\i}}cek},
  title        = {Impact du degr{\'{e}} de supervision sur l'adaptation {\`{a}}
                  un domaine d'un mod{\`{e}}le de langage {\`{a}} partir du Web (Impact
                  of the level of supervision on Web-based language model domain adaptation)
                  [in French]},
  booktitle    = {{JEP-TALN-RECITAL} 2012},
  pages        = {193--200},
  publisher    = {{ATALA/AFCP}},
  year         = {2012}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ukci/Podgornik12,
  author       = {Stella Podgornik},
  title        = {Feature selection for detecting language levels in {L2} English Learners},
  booktitle    = {{UKCI}},
  pages        = {1--7},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2012}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1208-4035,
  author       = {Denis Barthou and
                  Gilbert Grosdidier and
                  Michael Kruse and
                  Olivier P{\`{e}}ne and
                  Claude Tadonki},
  title        = {{QIRAL:} {A} High Level Language for Lattice {QCD} Code Generation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1208.4035},
  year         = {2012}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/dnb/Petera12,
  author       = {Monika Petera},
  title        = {Automatic differentiation of the CapeML high-level language for process
                  engineering},
  school       = {{RWTH} Aachen University},
  year         = {2011}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/ethos/Vikhorev11,
  author       = {Konstantin Vikhorev},
  title        = {Real-time guarantees in high-level agent programming languages},
  school       = {University of Nottingham, {UK}},
  year         = {2011}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/caee/BolanakisEGK11,
  author       = {Dimosthenis E. Bolanakis and
                  Georgios A. Evangelakis and
                  Euripidis Glavas and
                  Konstantinos T. Kotsis},
  title        = {A teaching approach for bridging the gap between low-level and high-level
                  programming using assembly language learning for small microcontrollers},
  journal      = {Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ.},
  volume       = {19},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {525--537},
  year         = {2011}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/dt/Sanchez-RomanSLGGAP11,
  author       = {Diego Sanchez{-}Roman and
                  Gustavo Sutter and
                  Sergio L{\'{o}}pez{-}Buedo and
                  Iv{\'{a}}n Gonz{\'{a}}lez and
                  Francisco J. Gomez{-}Arribas and
                  Javier Aracil and
                  Francisco Palacios},
  title        = {High-Level Languages and Floating-Point Arithmetic for FPGA-Based
                  {CFD} Simulations},
  journal      = {{IEEE} Des. Test Comput.},
  volume       = {28},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {28--37},
  year         = {2011}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/iajit/Valles-Barajas11,
  author       = {Fernando Valles{-}Barajas},
  title        = {A survey of high-level programming languages in control systems},
  journal      = {Int. Arab J. Inf. Technol.},
  volume       = {8},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {178--187},
  year         = {2011}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ijsss/LuckingM11,
  author       = {Andy L{\"{u}}cking and
                  Alexander Mehler},
  title        = {A Model of Complexity Levels of Meaning Constitution in Simulation
                  Models of Language Evolution},
  journal      = {Int. J. Signs Semiot. Syst.},
  volume       = {1},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {18--38},
  year         = {2011}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/tsmc/KosmidouPH11,
  author       = {Vasiliki Kosmidou and
                  Panagiotis Petrantonakis and
                  Leontios J. Hadjileontiadis},
  title        = {Enhanced Sign Language Recognition Using Weighted Intrinsic-Mode Entropy
                  and Signer's Level of Deafness},
  journal      = {{IEEE} Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part {B}},
  volume       = {41},
  number       = {6},
  pages        = {1531--1543},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/IEEEscc/LimLCF11,
  author       = {Chunhyeok Lim and
                  Shiyong Lu and
                  Artem Chebotko and
                  Farshad Fotouhi},
  title        = {{OPQL:} {A} First OPM-Level Query Language for Scientific Workflow
                  Provenance},
  booktitle    = {{IEEE} {SCC}},
  pages        = {136--143},
  publisher    = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/adbis/Bogdanova11,
  author       = {Dasha Bogdanova},
  title        = {Extraction of High-Level Semantically Rich Features from Natural Language
                  Text},
  booktitle    = {{ADBIS} {(2)}},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
  volume       = {789},
  pages        = {262--271},
  publisher    = {CEUR-WS.org},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/appt/StewartTL11,
  author       = {Robert J. Stewart and
                  Philip W. Trinder and
                  Hans{-}Wolfgang Loidl},
  title        = {Comparing High Level MapReduce Query Languages},
  booktitle    = {{APPT}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {6965},
  pages        = {58--72},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/aspdac/DomerCHG11,
  author       = {Rainer D{\"{o}}mer and
                  Weiwei Chen and
                  Xu Han and
                  Andreas Gerstlauer},
  title        = {Multi-core parallel simulation of System-level Description Languages},
  booktitle    = {{ASP-DAC}},
  pages        = {311--316},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/asru/GoninaFCK11,
  author       = {Ekaterina Gonina and
                  Gerald Friedland and
                  Henry Cook and
                  Kurt Keutzer},
  title        = {Fast speaker diarization using a high-level scripting language},
  booktitle    = {{ASRU}},
  pages        = {553--558},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/bpm/CabanillasRC11,
  author       = {Cristina Cabanillas and
                  Manuel Resinas and
                  Antonio Ruiz Cort{\'{e}}s},
  title        = {{RAL:} {A} High-Level User-Oriented Resource Assignment Language for
                  Business Processes},
  booktitle    = {Business Process Management Workshops {(1)}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing},
  volume       = {99},
  pages        = {50--61},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/clef/NunzioLM11,
  author       = {Giorgio Maria Di Nunzio and
                  Johannes Leveling and
                  Thomas Mandl},
  title        = {LogCLEF 2011 Multilingual Log File Analysis: Language Identification,
                  Query Classification, and Success of a Query},
  booktitle    = {{CLEF} (Notebook Papers/Labs/Workshop)},
  series       = {{CEUR} Workshop Proceedings},
  volume       = {1177},
  publisher    = {CEUR-WS.org},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/cogsci/ZhaoLLFS11,
  author       = {Xiaowei Zhao and
                  Ping Li and
                  Youyi Liu and
                  Xiaoping Fang and
                  Hua Shu},
  title        = {Cross-Language Priming in Chinese-English Bilinguals with Different
                  Second Language Proficiency Levels},
  booktitle    = {CogSci},
  publisher    = {cognitivesciencesociety.org},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/edbt/GrustKRS11,
  author       = {Torsten Grust and
                  Fabian Kliebhan and
                  Jan Rittinger and
                  Tom Schreiber},
  title        = {True language-level {SQL} debugging},
  booktitle    = {{EDBT}},
  pages        = {562--565},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/flairs/Zarri11,
  author       = {Gian Piero Zarri},
  title        = {Differentiating Between "Functional" and "Semantic" Roles in a High-Level
                  Conceptual Data Modeling Language},
  booktitle    = {{FLAIRS}},
  publisher    = {{AAAI} Press},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/fpl/ThielmannHK11,
  author       = {Benjamin Thielmann and
                  Jens Huthmann and
                  Andreas Koch},
  title        = {Precore - {A} Token-Based Speculation Architecture for High-Level
                  Language to Hardware Compilation},
  booktitle    = {{FPL}},
  pages        = {123--129},
  publisher    = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ialp/Du11,
  author       = {Jinhua Du},
  title        = {Character-Level System Combination: An Empirical Study for English-to-Chinese
                  Spoken Language Translation},
  booktitle    = {{IALP}},
  pages        = {181--184},
  publisher    = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icassp/ChandrasekharSR11,
  author       = {Vijay Chandrasekhar and
                  Mehmet Emre Sargin and
                  David A. Ross},
  title        = {Automatic Language Identification in music videos with low level audio
                  and visual features},
  booktitle    = {{ICASSP}},
  pages        = {5724--5727},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icassp/RichardsonC11,
  author       = {Fred S. Richardson and
                  William M. Campbell},
  title        = {{NAP} for high level language identification},
  booktitle    = {{ICASSP}},
  pages        = {4392--4395},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icphs/CaspersK11,
  author       = {Johanneke Caspers and
                  Olga Kepinska},
  title        = {The Influence of Word-level Prosodic Structure of the Mother Tongue
                  on Production of Word Stress in Dutch as a Second Language},
  booktitle    = {ICPhS},
  pages        = {420--423},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icphs/Grenon11,
  author       = {Izabelle Grenon},
  title        = {Dissociable Levels of Speech Processing in Second Language Perception},
  booktitle    = {ICPhS},
  pages        = {771--774},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/icphs/LiS11,
  author       = {Bin Li and
                  Lan Shuai},
  title        = {Effects of Native Language on Perception of Level and Falling Tones},
  booktitle    = {ICPhS},
  pages        = {1202--1205},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ipps/Zain-ul-AbdinS11,
  author       = {Zain{-}ul{-}Abdin and
                  Bertil Svensson},
  title        = {Occam-pi as a High-Level Language for Coarse-Grained Reconfigurable
                  Architectures},
  booktitle    = {{IPDPS} Workshops},
  pages        = {236--243},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/irfc/GangulyLJ11,
  author       = {Debasis Ganguly and
                  Johannes Leveling and
                  Gareth J. F. Jones},
  title        = {Query Expansion for Language Modeling Using Sentence Similarities},
  booktitle    = {{IRFC}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {6653},
  pages        = {62--77},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/lctrts/AlbertAGZ11,
  author       = {Elvira Albert and
                  Puri Arenas and
                  Samir Genaim and
                  Damiano Zanardini},
  title        = {Task-level analysis for a language with async/finish parallelism},
  booktitle    = {{LCTES}},
  pages        = {21--30},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/micai/SyedAE11,
  author       = {Afraz Zahra Syed and
                  Aslam Muhammad and
                  Ana Mar{\'{\i}}a {Mart{\'{\i}}nez Enr{\'{\i}}quez}},
  title        = {Sentiment Analysis of Urdu Language: Handling Phrase-Level Negation},
  booktitle    = {{MICAI} {(1)}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {7094},
  pages        = {382--393},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ppig/Mselle11,
  author       = {Leonard J. Mselle},
  title        = {Using formal logic to define the grammar for memory transfer language
                  {(MTL)} on the mould of register transfer language {(RTL)} and high
                  level languages},
  booktitle    = {{PPIG}},
  pages        = {9},
  publisher    = {Psychology of Programming Interest Group},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/recosoc/ThielmannHK11,
  author       = {Benjamin Thielmann and
                  Jens Huthmann and
                  Andreas Koch},
  title        = {Evaluation of speculative execution techniques for high-level language
                  to hardware compilation},
  booktitle    = {ReCoSoC},
  pages        = {1--8},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/retis/LilhaS11,
  author       = {Himanshu Lilha and
                  Devashish Shivmurthy},
  title        = {Analysis of pixel level features in recognition of real life dual-handed
                  sign language data set},
  booktitle    = {ReTIS},
  pages        = {246--251},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/sigir/LevelingMJ11,
  author       = {Johannes Leveling and
                  Walid Magdy and
                  Gareth J. F. Jones},
  title        = {An investigation of decompounding for cross-language patent search},
  booktitle    = {{SIGIR}},
  pages        = {1169--1170},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/sitis/OnoKITM11,
  author       = {Ami Ono and
                  Katsuhiko Kondo and
                  Takafumi Inaba and
                  Tomoaki Tsumura and
                  Hiroshi Matsuo},
  title        = {A GPU-Supported High-Level Programming Language for Image Processing},
  booktitle    = {{SITIS}},
  pages        = {245--252},
  publisher    = {{IEEE} Computer Society},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/socpar/JayashreeS11,
  author       = {R. Jayashree and
                  Murthy K. Srikanta},
  title        = {An analysis of sentence level text classification for the Kannada
                  language},
  booktitle    = {SoCPaR},
  pages        = {147--151},
  publisher    = {{IEEE}},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/sofsem/BaeldeBM11,
  author       = {David Baelde and
                  Romain Beauxis and
                  Samuel Mimram},
  title        = {Liquidsoap: {A} High-Level Programming Language for Multimedia Streaming},
  booktitle    = {{SOFSEM}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {6543},
  pages        = {99--110},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/tldi/GerakiosPS11,
  author       = {Prodromos Gerakios and
                  Nikolaos Papaspyrou and
                  Konstantinos Sagonas},
  title        = {A type and effect system for deadlock avoidance in low-level languages},
  booktitle    = {{TLDI}},
  pages        = {15--28},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2011}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:journals/procedia/ShirotaSTK11,
  author       = {Yusuke Shirota and
                  Jun'ichi Segawa and
                  Masaya Tarui and
                  Tatsunori Kanai},
  title        = {Autotuning in an Array Processing Language using High-level Program
                  Transformations},
  booktitle    = {{ICCS}},
  series       = {Procedia Computer Science},
  volume       = {4},
  pages        = {2126--2135},
  publisher    = {Elsevier},
  year         = {2011}
}
@incollection{DBLP:reference/parallel/X11rl,
  title        = {Z-Level Programming Language},
  booktitle    = {Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing},
  pages        = {2161},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2011}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1104-2681,
  author       = {David Baelde and
                  Romain Beauxis and
                  Samuel Mimram},
  title        = {Liquidsoap: a High-Level Programming Language for Multimedia Streaming},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1104.2681},
  year         = {2011}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1108-1966,
  author       = {Anil Kumar Singh},
  title        = {A Concise Query Language with Search and Transform Operations for
                  Corpora with Multiple Levels of Annotation},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1108.1966},
  year         = {2011}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/corr/abs-1108-3848,
  author       = {Chitta Baral and
                  Juraj Dzifcak},
  title        = {Language understanding as a step towards human level intelligence
                  - automatizing the construction of the initial dictionary from example
                  sentences},
  journal      = {CoRR},
  volume       = {abs/1108.3848},
  year         = {2011}
}
@phdthesis{DBLP:phd/hal/Seng10,
  author       = {Sopheap Seng},
  title        = {Vers une mod{\'{e}}lisation statistique multi-niveau du langage,
                  application aux langues peu dot{\'{e}}es. (Toward a multi-level
                  statistical language modeling for under-resourced language)},
  school       = {Grenoble Alpes University, France},
  year         = {2010}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/cl/MalikSRG10,
  author       = {Avinash Malik and
                  Zoran Salcic and
                  Partha S. Roop and
                  Alain Girault},
  title        = {SystemJ: {A} {GALS} language for system level design},
  journal      = {Comput. Lang. Syst. Struct.},
  volume       = {36},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {317--344},
  year         = {2010}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/dmtcs/AlmeidaK10,
  author       = {Jorge Almeida and
                  Ondrej Kl{\'{\i}}ma},
  title        = {New decidable upper bound of the second level in the Straubing-Th{\'{e}}rien
                  concatenation hierarchy of star-free languages},
  journal      = {Discret. Math. Theor. Comput. Sci.},
  volume       = {12},
  number       = {4},
  pages        = {41--58},
  year         = {2010}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ijimai/Gaona-GarciaCM10,
  author       = {Paulo Alonso Gaona{-}Garc{\'{\i}}a and
                  Jes{\'{u}}s Soto Carri{\'{o}}n and
                  Carlos Enrique Montenegro Mar{\'{\i}}n},
  title        = {Trust Levels Definition On Virtual Learning Platforms Through Semantic
                  Languages},
  journal      = {Int. J. Interact. Multim. Artif. Intell.},
  volume       = {1},
  number       = {3},
  pages        = {20--26},
  year         = {2010}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/ijst/Bateman10,
  author       = {John A. Bateman},
  title        = {Language and Space: a two-level semantic approach based on principles
                  of ontological engineering},
  journal      = {Int. J. Speech Technol.},
  volume       = {13},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {29--48},
  year         = {2010}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jip/NakamuraSY10,
  author       = {Yuichi Nakamura and
                  Yoshiki Sameshima and
                  Toshihiro Yamauchi},
  title        = {SELinux Security Policy Configuration System with Higher Level Language},
  journal      = {J. Inf. Process.},
  volume       = {18},
  pages        = {201--212},
  year         = {2010}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/jphonetics/GuionADS10,
  author       = {Susan G. Guion and
                  Jonathan D. Amith and
                  Christopher S. Doty and
                  Irina Shport},
  title        = {Word-level prosody in Balsas Nahuatl: The origin, development, and
                  acoustic correlates of tone in a stress accent language},
  journal      = {J. Phonetics},
  volume       = {38},
  number       = {2},
  pages        = {137--166},
  year         = {2010}
}
@article{DBLP:journals/trets/CurreriKGHG10,
  author       = {John Curreri and
                  Seth Koehler and
                  Alan D. George and
                  Brian Holland and
                  Rafael Garc{\'{\i}}a},
  title        = {Performance Analysis Framework for High-Level Language Applications
                  in Reconfigurable Computing},
  journal      = {{ACM} Trans. Reconfigurable Technol. Syst.},
  volume       = {3},
  number       = {1},
  pages        = {5:1--5:23},
  year         = {2010}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/a2cwic/MarimuthuV10,
  author       = {Marimuthu Krishnaveni and
                  Radha Venkatachalam},
  title        = {Feature extraction based on multiphase level set framework for sign
                  language recognition system},
  booktitle    = {A2CWiC},
  pages        = {25:1--25:6},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2010}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/ai/RazaviIUM10,
  author       = {Amir Hossein Razavi and
                  Diana Inkpen and
                  Sasha Uritsky and
                  Stan Matwin},
  title        = {Offensive Language Detection Using Multi-level Classification},
  booktitle    = {Canadian {AI}},
  series       = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
  volume       = {6085},
  pages        = {16--27},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2010}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/bica/ZhaoPMR10,
  author       = {Changkun Zhao and
                  Jaehyon Paik and
                  Jonathan H. Morgan and
                  Frank E. Ritter},
  title        = {Validating a High Level Behavioral Representation Language {(HERBAL):}
                  {A} Docking Study for {ACT-R}},
  booktitle    = {{BICA}},
  series       = {Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications},
  volume       = {221},
  pages        = {181--188},
  publisher    = {{IOS} Press},
  year         = {2010}
}
@inproceedings{DBLP:conf/conext/FosterFHRMW10,
  author       = {Nate Foster and
                  Michael J. Freedman and
                  Rob Harrison and
                  Jennifer Rexford and
                  Matthew L. Meola and
                  David Walker},
  title        = {Frenetic: a high-level language for OpenFlow networks},
  booktitle    = {PRESTO@CoNEXT},
  pages        = {6:1--6:6},
  publisher    = {{ACM}},
  year         = {2010}
}
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