• 
  Clifford J. Weinstein: Overview of the 1994 ARPA Human Language Technology Workshop.

Session 1: Lexicons, Corpora, and Evaluation

• 
  George A. Miller: Session 1: Lexicons, Corpora, and Evaluation.
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  Catherine Macleod, Ralph Grishman, Adam Meyers: The Comlex Syntax Project: The First Year.
• 
  Mark Liberman: Lexicons for Human Language Technology.
• 
  David Graft, Rebecca Finc: Multilingual Text Resources at the Linguistic Data Consortium.
• 
  John J. Godfrey: Multilingual Speech Databases at LDC.
• 
  Kelsey Taussig, Jared Bernstein: MACROPHONE: An American English Telephone Speech Corpus.
• 
  Ronald A. Cole, Mike Noel, Daniel C. Burnett, Mark A. Fanty, Terri Lander, Beatrice T. Oshika, Stephen Sutton: Corpus Development Activities at the Center for Spoken Language Understanding.
• 
  Francis Kubala, Jerome R. Bellegarda, Jordan Cohen, David Pallett, Doug Paul, Mike Phillips, Raja Rajasekaran, Fred Richardson, Michael Riley, Roni Rosenfeld, Bob Roth, Mitch Weintraub: The Hub and Spoke Paradigm for CSR Evaluation.
• 
  Deborah A. Dahl, Madeleine Bates, Michael Brown, William Fisher, Kate Hunicke-Smith, David Pallett, Christine Pao, Alexander I. Rudnicky, Elizabeth Shriberg: Expanding the Scope of the ATIS Task: The ATIS-3 Corpus.
• 
  David S. Pallett, Jonathan G. Fiscus, William M. Fisher, John S. Garofolo, Bruce A. Lund, Mark A. Przybocki: 1993 Benchmark Tests for the ARPA Spoken Language Program.

Session 2: Language Modeling

• 
  Xuedong Huang: Session 2: Language Modeling.
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  Ronald Rosenfeld: A Hybrid Approach to Adaptive Statistical Language Modeling.
• 
  Rukmini Iyer, Mari Ostendorf, Jan Robin Rohlicek: Language Modeling with Sentence-Level Mixtures.
• 
  Ryosuke Isotani, Shoichi Matsunaga: Speech Recognition Using a Stochastic Language Model Integrating Local and Global Constraints.
• 
  Richard M. Schwartz, Long Nguyen, Francis Kubala, George Chou, George Zavaliagkos, John Makhoul: On Using Written Language Training Data for Spoken Language Modeling.

Session 3: Human Language Evaluation

• 
  Lynette Hirschman: Session 3: Human Language Evaluation.
• 
  Karen Sparck Jones: Towards Better NLP System Evaluation.
• 
  Chris Brew, Henry S. Thompson: Automatic Evaluation of Computer Generated Text: A Progress Report on the TEXTEVAL Project.
• 
  Mitchell P. Marcus, Grace Kim, Mary Ann Marcinkiewicz, Robert MacIntyre, Ann Bies, Mark Ferguson, Karen Katz, Britta Schasberger: The Penn Treebank: Annotating Predicate Argument Structure.
• 
  Ralph Grishman: Whither Written Language Evaluation?.
• 
  Robert C. Moore: Semantic Evaluation for Spoken-Language Systems.

Session 4: Machine Translation

• 
  Eduard H. Hovy: Session 4: Machine Translation.
• 
  John S. White, Theresa A. O'Connell: Evaluation in the ARPA Machine Translation Program: 1993 Methodology.
• 
  Akitoshi Okumura, Eduard H. Hovy: Building Japanese-English Dictionary based on Ontology for Machine Translation.
• 
  Sergei Nirenburg, Robert E. Frederking: Toward Multi-Engine Machine Translation.
• 
  Frank Smadja, Kathleen McKeown: Translating Collocations for Use in Bilingual Lexicons.
• 
  Adam L. Berger, Peter F. Brown, Stephen Della Pietra, Vincent J. Della Pietra, John R. Gillett, John D. Lafferty, Robert L. Mercer, Harry Printz, Lubos Ures: The Candide System for Machine Translation.
• 
  Jonathan Yamron, James Cant, Anne Demerits, Taiko Dietzel, Yoshilco Ito: The Automatic Component of the LINGSTAT Machine-Aided Translation System.

Session 5: Natural Language, Discourse

• 
  Paul S. Jacobs: Session 5: Natural Language, Discourse.
• 
  Boyan A. Onyshkevych: Issues and Methodology for Template Design for Information Extraction.
• 
  Jerry R. Hobbs, David J. Israel: Principles of Template Design.
• 
  Damaris M. Ayuso: Pattern Matching in a Linguistically-Motivated Text Understanding System.
• 
  Peter A. Heeman, James F. Allen: Tagging Speech Repairs.
• 
  Scott Prevost, Mark Steedman: Information Based Intonation Synthesis.

Session 6: Spoken Language Systems

• 
  Madeleine Bates: Session 6: Spoken Language Systems.
• 
  Victor Zue, Stephanie Seneff, Joseph Polifroni, Michael S. Phillips, Christine Pao, David Goddeau, James R. Glass, Eric Brill: PEGASUS: A Spoken Language Interface for On-Line Air Travel Planning I.
• 
  Rolf Carlson: Recent Developments in the Experimental "WAXHOLM" Dialog System.
• 
  Wayne Ward, Sunil Issar: Recent Improvements in the CMU Spoken Language Understanding System.
• 
  Manny Rayner, David M. Carter, Vassilios Digalakis, Patti Price: Combining Knowledge Sources to Reorder N-Best Speech Hypothesis Lists.
• 
  Sharon L. Oviatt: Predicting and Managing Spoken Disfluencies During Human-Computer Interaction.
• 
  Marie Meteer, Jan Robin Rohlicek: Integrated Techniques for Phrase Extraction from Speech.

Session 7: Demonstrations

• 
  Victor Abrash: Session 7: Demonstrations.
• 
  Alexander G. Hauptmann, Jack Mostow, Steven F. Roth, Matthew Kane, Adam Swift: A Prototype Reading Coach that Listens: Summary of Project LISTEN.

Session 8 & 9: Statistical and Learning Methods

• 
  Frederick Jelinek: Session 8 & 9: Statistical and Learning Methods.
• 
  George A. Miller, Martin Chodorow, Shari Landes, Claudia Leacock, Robert G. Thomas: Using a Semantic Concordance for Sense Identification.
• 
  Rebecca F. Bruce, Janyce Wiebe: A New Approach to Word Sense Disambiguation.
• 
  Adwait Ratnaparkhi, Jeffrey C. Reynar, Salim Roukos: A Maximum Entropy Model for Prepositional Phrase Attachment.
• 
  Eric Brill: A Report of Recent Progress in Transformation-Based Error-Driven Learning.
• 
  Fernando Pereira, Michael Riley, Richard Sproat: Weighted Rational Transductions and their Application to Human Language Processing.
• 
  Scott Miller, Heidi Fox: Automatic Grammar Acquisition.
• 
  Frederick Jelinek, John D. Lafferty, David M. Magerman, Robert L. Mercer, Adwait Ratnaparkhi, Salim Roukos: Decision Tree Parsing using a Hidden Derivation Model.
• 
  Scott Miller, Richard M. Schwartz, Robert J. Bobrow, Robert Ingria: Statistical Language Processing Using Hidden Understanding Models.
• 
  Constantine Papageorgiou: Japanese Word Segmentation by Hidden Markov Model.
• 
  Helen M. Meng, Stephanie Seneff, Victor Zue: Phonological Parsing for Bi-directional Letter-to-Sound/Sound-to-Letter Generation.

Session 10: Government Panel

• 
  Oscar N. Garcia: Session 10: Government Panel.
• 
  Calvin Olano: One DODer's View of ARPA Spoken Language Directions.
• 
  Helen M. Gigley: Speech and Human Language Technology at the Naval Research Laboratory.
• 
  Melissa Holland: Advanced Technologies for Language Learning: Developments at ARI.
• 
  Roberto Cencioni, Giovanni B. Varile: Language Processing R&D Programmes Directorate XIII E of the European Commission.

Session 11: Acoustic Modeling and Robust CSR

• 
  Steve Young: Session 11: Acoustic Modeling and Robust CSR.
• 
  Steve J. Young, J. J. Odell, Philip C. Woodland: Tree-Based State Tying for High Accuracy Modelling.
• 
  Vassilios Digalakis, Hy Murveit: High-Accuracy Large-Vocabulary Speech Recognition Using Mixture Tying and Consistency Modeling.
• 
  Jean-Luc Gauvain, Lori Lamel, Gilles Adda, Martine Adda-Decker: The LIMSI Continuous Speech Dictation Systemt.
• 
  Anastasios Anastasakost, Francis Kubala, John Makhoul, Richard M. Schwartz: Adaptation to New Microphones Using Tied-Mixture Normalization.
• 
  Fu-Hua Liu, Pedro J. Moreno, Richard M. Stern, Alejandro Acero: Signal Processing for Robust Speech Recognition.
• 
  Leonardo Neumeyer, Mitch Weintraub: Microphone-Independent Robust Signal Processing Using Probabilistic Optimum Filtering.
• 
  C. Che, Q. Lin, J. Pearson, Bert de Vries, J. Flanagan: Microphone Arrays and Neural Networks for Robust Speech Recognition.

Session 12: Information Retrieval

• 
  Donna Harman: Session 12: Information Retrieval.
• 
  Donna Harman: Overview of the Second Text Retrieval Conference (TREC-2).
• 
  K. L. Kwok, Laszlo Grunfeld: Learning from Relevant Documents in Large Scale Routing Retrieval.
• 
  Tomek Strzalkowski: Document Representation in Natural Language Text Retrieval.
• 
  Peter Schäuble, Ulrike Glavitsch: Assessing the Retrieval Effectiveness of a Speech : Retrieval System by Simulating Recognition Errors.
• 
  Julian Kupiec, Don Kimber, Vijay Balasubramanian: Speech-Based Retrieval Using Semantic Co-Occurrence Filtering.
• 
  Rajeev Agarwal: (Almost) Automatic Semantic Feature Extraction from Technical Text.

Session 13: CSR Search

• 
  Richard M. Schwartz: Session 13: CSR Search.
• 
  Yasuhiro Minami, Kiyohiro Shikano, Osamu Yoshioka, Satoshi Takahashi, Tomokazu Yamada, Sadaoki Furui: A Large-Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition Algorithm and its Application to a Multi-Modal Telephone Directory Assistance System.
• 
  Hy Murveit, Peter Monaco, Vassilios Digalakis, John Butzberger: Techniques to Achieve an Accurate Real-Time Large-Vocabulary Speech Recognition System.
• 
  Douglas B. Paul: The Lincoln Large-Vocabulary Stack-Decoder Based HMM CSR.
• 
  J. J. Odell, V. Valtchev, Philip C. Woodland, Steve J. Young: A One Pass Decoder Design For Large Vocabulary Recognition.
• 
  Long Nguyen, Richard M. Schwartz, Ying Zhao, George Zavaliagkos: Is N-Best Dead?

Session 14: New Directions/Applications

• 
  Richard Stern: Session 14: New Directions/Applications.
• 
  Julie Payette: Advanced Human-Computer Interface and Voice Processing Applications in Space.
• 
  Suzanne Liebowitz Taylor, Deborah A. Dahl, Mark Lipshutz, Carl Weir, Lewis M. Norton, Roslyn Weidner Nilson, Marcia C. Linebarger: Integrated Text and Image Understanding for Document Understanding.
• 
  Rohini K. Srihari: Use of Lexical and Syntactic Techniques in Recognizing Handwritten Text.
• 
  John Makhoul, Thad Starner, Richard M. Schwartz, George Chou: On-Line Cursive Handwriting Recognition Using Hidden Markov Models and Statistical Grammars.
• 
  Steve Lowe, Anne Demedts, Larry Gillick, Mark A. Mandel, Barbara Peskin: Language Identification via Large Vocabulary Speaker Independent Continuous Speech Recognition.

Project Summaries

• 
  John Makhoul, Richard M. Schwartz: Robust Continuous Speech Recognition.
• 
  Ralph M. Weischedel: Robustness, Portability and Scalability Language Systems.
• 
  John Makhoul, Madeleine Bates: Usable, Real-Time, Interactive Spoken Language Systems.
• 
  Mari Ostendorf, Patti Price, Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel: Evaluating the Use of Prosodic Information in Speech Recognition and Understanding.
• 
  Mari Ostendorf, Jan Robin Rohlicek: Segment-Based Acoustic Models for Continuous Speech Recognition.
• 
  Sergei Nirenburg: Pangloss: A Machine Translation Project.
• 
  Raj Reddy: Spoken-Language Research at Carnegie Mellon.
• 
  Kathleen McKeown, Rebecca J. Passonneau: Extracting Constraints on Word Usage from Large Text Corpora.
• 
  Jonathan Yamron, James Cant, Anne Demedts, Taiko Dietzel, Yoshiko Ito: The Automatic Component of the LINGSTAT Machine-Aided Translation System.
• 
  Janet M. Baker, Larry Gillick, Robert Roth: Research in Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition.
• 
  Paul S. Jacobs: The TIPSTER/SHOGUN Project.
• 
  Salim Roukos: Automatic Extraction of Grammars From Annotated Text.
• 
  Stephen Della Pietra, Vincent J. Della Pietra: Candide: A Statistical Machine Translation System.
• 
  Lois Boggess, Julia E. Hodges: A Knowledge-Based Approach to Indexing Scientific Text.
• 
  Clifford J. Weinstein, Douglas B. Paul: Robust Continuous Speech Recognition Technology Program Summary.
• 
  Victor Zue: Spoken Language Recognition and Understanding.
• 
  David S. Paltett: NIST-ARPA Interagency Agreement: Human Language Technology Program.
• 
  Beth Sundheim: Written Language System Evaluation.
• 
  Louise Guthrie: The Consortium for Lexical Research.
• 
  Yorick Wilks, James Pustejovsky, James R. Cowie: Diderot: TIPSTER Program, Automatic Data Extraction from Text Utilizing Semantic Analysis.
• 
  David Farwell: Pangloss: A Knowledge-based Machine Assisted Translation Research Project - Site 2.
• 
  Ralph Grishman: Research in Natural Language Processing.
• 
  Tomek Strzalkowski: Robust Text Processing and Information Retrieval.
• 
  George A. Miller: WORDNET: A Lexical Database for English.
• 
  K. L. Kwok: PIRCS: a Network-Based Document Routing and Retrieval System.
• 
  J. Flanagan, Q. Lin, J. Pearson, Bert de Vries: A Neural Network System for Large-Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition in Variable Acoustic Environments.
• 
  Kate Hunicke-Smith, Jared Bernstein: Annotation of ATIS Data.
• 
  Michael Cohen, Robert C. Moore: Combining Linguistic and Statistical Technology for Improved Spoken Language Understanding.
• 
  Hy Murveit, Vassilios Digalakis, Peter Monaco, Mitch Weintraub: Consistency Modeling.
• 
  Denise Danielson, Jared Bernstein: CSR Data Collection.
• 
  Jerry R. Hobbs: Data Access for Situation Handling (DASH).
• 
  Aravind K. Joshi, Mitchell P. Marcus, Mark Steedman, Bonnie L. Webber: Research in Natural Language Processing.
• 
  James F. Allen, Lenhart K. Schubert: Natural Language Planning Dialogue for Interactive.
• 
  Eduard H. Hovy: PANGLOSS: Knowledge-Based Machine Translation.

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